September 2026 S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Archives
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Recent Posts
- WaPo: Americans have turned against police cameras that track license plates, new survey shows
- W.D.Tex.: What is the duty of the neutral and detached magistrate?
- D.Me.: Yes, more investigation could have been done, but there’s still PC on what there was
- CA3: Brady doesn’t apply to SW materials
- E.D.Mich.: Person a cell phone was given to as gift could consent to search
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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FDsys, many district courts, other federal courts
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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General (many free):
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www.fd.org
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
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NACDL’s Domestic Drone Information Center
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Franks doctrine
CA7: Franks does not apply to emergency cell phone pings
During the George Floyd murder unrest, defendant told an acquaintance he was traveling to Wisconsin with a machine gun to kill and loot. The acquaintance told law enforcement. They obtained ping information based on exigency, which was valid. Also, Franks … Continue reading
TX: Court of Appeals required state to show more than necessary to show cell phone nexus; remanded
“To the extent that the court of appeals read our opinion in Baldwin necessarily to require, as a prerequisite of probable cause, that an affidavit must establish (1) use of the cell phone either during, or immediately before or after, … Continue reading
CA8: When PC and GFE are the district court’s holding, challenging only PC on appeal means affirmed
When the district court holds that the warrant is valid both on probable cause and good faith, only challenging probable cause on appeal means that the alternative basis is sufficient to affirm. United States v. Bryant, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS … Continue reading
D.Mass.: No discovery of covert Shapchat accounts for lack of materiality
Officers set up covert Snapchat accounts to communicate with defendant. He’s not entitled to discovery about that for Brady or Franks purposes because he can’t show materiality. United States v. Stroup, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132483 (D. Mass. July 26, … Continue reading
MT: No REP from look in apt window from common area of apt complex; not his curtilage
Officers did not violate defendant’s reasonable expectation of privacy by looking in the window of his apartment from a common area in his apartment complex. It was not his curtilage. City of Whitefish v. Zumwalt, 2024 MT 153, 2024 Mont. … Continue reading
CA3: No per se irreparable injury from 4A violation
The Third Circuit does not find per se irreparable injury from a Fourth Amendment violation, recognizing a conflict in the circuits. Del. State Sportsmen’s Ass’n v. Del. Dep’t of Safety & Homeland Sec., 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 17214 (3d Cir. … Continue reading
UT: Def satisfied “shocking the conscience” standard for recording a telephone call while under a protective order and he couldn’t fully respond
The court finds officers baiting defendant into a recorded phone call where he was under a protective order and could not adequately respond “shocked the conscience” and would be suppressed. State v. Lewis, 2024 UT App 96, 2024 Utah App. … Continue reading
W.D.Ky.: SW affidavit does not have to negate affirmative defenses under Franks
Under Franks, an affidavit for a search warrant does not have to negate a possible affirmative defense. United States v. Pascoe, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119992 (W.D. Ky. July 9, 2024). There was probable cause for defendant’s arrest for DUI … Continue reading
S.D.Ohio: Def was entitled to discovery of body camera footage of how a search was conducted
Defendant was entitled to discovery of body camera footage of how a search was conducted. United States v. Moore, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 119486 (S.D. Ohio July 2, 2024). The fact a Sixth Circuit judge dissented on a similar issue … Continue reading
KS: Extending stop on a hunch lacked RS
“LaGuardia argues that Officer Opperman lacked reasonable suspicion to extend the stop from a crash report to a DUI investigation. He claims that the officer investigated LaGuardia for DUI only because he abandoned his vehicle after the accident in snowy … Continue reading
NE: Return of property denied where post-conviction time hadn’t run
Defendant’s motion for return of property is denied because the time hasn’t run for post-conviction and it still may be needed by the state. State v. Assad, 317 Neb. 20 (July 5, 2024). Defendant did not present a real Franks … Continue reading
NC: Wife had sufficient common authority over cell phone to consent to seizure and search
Defendant allowed his cell phone to be used by everyone in the family, including his child to watch YouTube videos. His wife had sufficient common authority to consent to a seizure and search. State v. Duran-Rivas, 2024 N.C. App. LEXIS … Continue reading
CA3 en banc: Driving to controlled buys from house gave PC for house
Controlled buys that defendant drove to still gave probable cause for search of his house. The probable cause bar isn’t that high. United States v. Sanders, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 15832 (6th Cir. June 28, 2024) (en banc) (an unnecessarily … Continue reading
Air Force: Court martial access to government-owned records is not a 4A issue
Court martial access to government-owned records is not a Fourth Amendment issue. In re AG, 2024 CCA LEXIS 256 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. June 28, 2024). “Based on the foregoing, Craine was not entitled to a Franks hearing because he … Continue reading
CT: Pretrial detainees still have no REP in jail calls
There is no constitutional distinction between pretrial detainees and convicts in a jail for the reasonable expectation of privacy in telephone calls on a jail line phone they knew was recorded. State v. Bember, 2024 Conn. LEXIS 153 (June 25, … Continue reading
S.D.Miss.: Drug SW permitted search of a safe even though not specified
This drug search warrant didn’t mention a safe, but that was a place where they could be found, so the search was proper. Also, the good faith exception applies. United States v. Manning, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 109676 (S.D. Miss. … Continue reading
CA5: Exigency is measured objectively, not subjectively
“Borden argues the officers’ actions indicate they did not actually think a medical emergency existed, but their subjective beliefs are irrelevant. See Toussaint, 838 F.3d at 509. Given the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable view of the evidence supports … Continue reading
N.D.Cal.: Defendant succeeds in getting hearing on a Franks challenge
Defendant succeeds in getting hearing on a Franks challenge, making the “substantial preliminary showing.” United States v. Ardis, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 106369 (N.D. Cal. June 14, 2024)*: However, the Court does find that defendant has made a substantial preliminary … Continue reading