Search warrant for a gun in defendant’s house allegedly involved in a road rage incident three weeks earlier was not stale. United States v. Becker, 168 F.4th 1337 (10th Cir. Mar. 9, 2026). https://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/sites/ca10/files/opinions/010111397315.pdf
Defendant’s December 2019 conviction is affirmed. Reviewing the sealed search warrant materials, there was probable cause for the search. People v. Kinsey, 2026 NY Slip Op 02218 (1st Dept. Apr. 14, 2026).* (6½ years to get an appeal decided?)
It is not ineffective assistance of counsel to withdraw a motion to suppress in favor of a plea agreement. Lanier v. Warden, Noble Corr. Inst., 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 81400 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 14, 2026).*
Defendant’s detention arguments about the absence of evidence of controlled buys is for a suppression motion, not for detention. United States v. Hardison, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 81423 (E.D. Tenn. Apr. 14, 2026).*
Defendant was in jail, and his PO went to the jail and got his phone from the property room to search it. This was a reasonable search under his parole search condition. State ex rel. Woodard v. Hoying, 2026-Ohio-1351 (10th Dist. Apr. 13, 2026).
The alleged private search of defendant’s phone by his wife was by joint authority, so no Fourth Amendment search claim. Ortego v. State, 2026 Tex. App. LEXIS 3421 (Tex. App. – Houston (1st Dist.) Apr. 14, 2026).*
The odor of marijuana coming off the juvenile’s person was the valid reason for his stop. In re State in the Interst of T.Q., 2026 La. App. LEXIS 666 (La. App. 1 Cir Apr. 13, 2026).*
Officers approached a group smoking pot outside a housing project, and they dispersed. Walking away can be suggestive of supporting reasonable suspicion. Defendant was grabbed and his backpack was frisked for a weapon, too. Washington v. Commonwealth, 2026 Va. App. LEXIS 213 (Apr. 14, 2026).*
In the third opinion in this case, all with the same outcome, a defendant on GPS monitoring by his bondsman as a condition of release had no reasonable expectation of privacy that the information would never be given to law enforcement. Hawkins v. State, 2026 Tex. App. LEXIS 3412 (Tex. App. – Houston (14th Dist.) Apr. 14, 2026) [prior opinion, 2026 Tex. App. LEXIS 1874 (Tex. App. – Houston (14th Dist.) Feb. 26, 2026), withdrawn]:
“In view of Dunnigan’s self-professed lack of any interest in or connection to the premises searched, Dunnigan’s attorney cannot be faulted for failing to challenge a search for which his client lacked standing to challenge.” United States v. Dunnigan, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80506 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2026).
Officers executing a search warrant could seize property they believed to be stolen that they saw in plaintiff’s place by plain view. Alexander v. Arceneaux, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 10524 (5th Cir. Apr. 13, 2026).*
Fleeing police and then bailing from the car and running abandons what was in the car. United States v. Pierre, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79746 (N.D. Ga. Apr. 13, 2026).*
The seizure of plaintiff’s car for unpaid tickets was reasonable. Clark v. Phila. Parking Auth., 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79701 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 13, 2026).*
The military court had to also consider the Fourth Amendment rights of the victim to sensitive information the accused sought access to for trial. All things considered, even if the court martial judge was wrong denying it, it was harmless error on this record. United States v. Braum, 2026 CAAF LEXIS 343 (C.A.A.F. Apr. 8, 2026).
The affidavit for warrant for a marijuana grow operation including a cell phone was issued with probable cause. It was reasonable to conclude that information about the grow operation would be on his cell phone. United States v. Koistinen, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78897 (D. Ariz. Apr. 8, 2026).*
“It is certainly true that Deputy Parker was in no rush to complete the warning citation, and the approximately seventeen minutes he took to do so here trends toward the outer limit of reasonableness in these circumstances. But for all the reasons previously discussed, the Court finds that the stop was not unlawfully prolonged. The motion to suppress is denied as to this ground.” United States v. Acosta, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78366 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 10, 2026).*
In a fraud case, the government took years to search the computers. A second warrant was obtained for some. The government doesn’t get to undo the delay by a new warrant, but the deterrence rationale of the exclusionary rule applies. The court has to balance the deterrence interest with the truth-seeking function. United States v. Maresca, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 76586 (D.D.C. Apr. 6, 2026).
Defendant was frisked at the time of his stop, but the government won’t be using that, so it’s moot. United States v. Mayorga-Ibarra, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 79393 (D. Colo. Apr. 9, 2026).*
Defendant’s car was lawfully being towed, so it could be inventoried. United States v. Clayton, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 10414 (6th Cir. Apr. 10, 2026).*
Apple’s find app said stolen Airpods were in a house when they were actually outside. Stating what the find app said was not a Franks violation. Briscoe v. St. Louis Cty., 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 10405 (8th Cir. Apr. 10, 2026).*
Defendant gave consent to search his cell phone, and the court notes, without deciding, that other courts have held that such consent would reach his data stored on the cloud or another server. That issue doesn’t, however, have to be decided because there was a warrant, too, and it was particular and used in good faith. State v. Houser, 2026-Ohio-1339 (3d Dist. Apr. 13, 2026).
Dog sniff during traffic stop was reasonable where it didn’t delay the stop. State v. Unser, 2026-Ohio-1267 (1st Dist. Apr. 8, 2026).*
Dog sniff at a hotel room door from a common hallway violated no reasonable expectation of privacy. United States v. Nemeth, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 10469 (10th Cir. Apr. 13, 2026).*
Plaintiff gets his PV hearing stayed pending a suppression motion he wants to file in his new criminal case but can’t yet. Matter of Sandlers v. Martuscello, 2026 NY Slip Op 26047 (Rensselaer Co. Apr. 6, 2026).*
Using an unmarked police car to stop plaintiff with a PIT maneuver requested by detectives without warning here raised sufficient factual disputes that the officers do not get summary judgment nor qualified immunity on an excessive force claim in his stop. Payne v. Moser, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 10488 (4th Cir. Apr. 13, 2026).
Defendant’s cell phone was sufficiently connected to his alleged offense for nexus, and probable cause was shown. United States v. Manuchekhri, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 76624 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 8, 2026).*
“‘Generally, a dog sniff does not require separate reasonable suspicion because it is not a search under the Fourth Amendment.’ Stepp, 680 F.3d at 663 (citing Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 409, 125 S. Ct. 834, 160 L. Ed. 2d 842 (2005)). Even still, the Deputies had reasonable suspicion to pursue their narcotics investigation.” His actions were indicative of drug activity. United States v. Cunningham, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77609 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 9, 2026).*
Plaintiff student’s cell phone was properly searched at school under T.L.O. when he was heard bragging about having explicit photographs on it at school. O.W. v. Carr, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 10241 (4th Cir. Apr. 9, 2026).
Plaintiff made a disturbance call to the police, but, before the entry to his house, he confirmed there was no burglary. He states a claim for the entry being unjustified. Campbell v. Broome Cty., 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 10211 (2d Cir. Apr. 9, 2026).*
The question to defendant, “You don’t got nothing on you, sir?” was based on reasonable suspicion that what was in his pants was the slide to a firearm. Then he fled. Williams v. United States, 2026 D.C. App. LEXIS 111 (Apr. 9, 2026).*
Defendant was adamant that defense counsel file a motion to suppress that defense counsel said would lose. It was filed anyway, but never heard. This wasn’t ineffective assistance of counsel because it wouldn’t have won. Taylor v. State, 2026 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 186 (Apr. 9, 2026).*
Defendant’s cell phone was seized and a warrant obtained to search it, but it was protected by a passcode and the phone was not searched. So, a couple of months later, they tried again with a new warrant. The information on the locked-up phone and the probable cause didn’t go stale. Also, using a passcode to merely see if it works to open a phone doesn’t amount to a search. United States v. Ball, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77141 (D. Me. Apr. 7, 2026).
There is no reasonable expectation of privacy in opening nonlegal prisoner mail. Payne v. Nicely, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75497 (W.D. Va. Apr. 6, 2026).*
Five controlled buys meant the CI’s criminal history was less important than defendant thinks. United States v. Carter, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75170 (N.D. Iowa Apr. 7, 2026).*
Former defense counsel got the DNA warrant materials, but it disappeared somehow. The AUSA said they’d deliver it promptly to new counsel but didn’t. This will not be suppressed. It’s not Brady material. United States v. Early, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77112 (D. Minn. Apr. 9, 2026).*
Officers were waiting for a search warrant to enter premises to look for a person. With consent of a neighbor, an officer climbed higher to use a flashlight to aid an overhead drone at night, seeing a gun on the roof. That view was permissible. United States v. Coronado, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 10074 (10th Cir. Apr. 8, 2026) (§ 13.14 n.2).
“Defendant is not entitled to a Franks hearing because he has not made the threshold substantial preliminary showing for two reasons. See Franks, 438 U.S. at 171. First, he did not make an offer of proof establishing that SA Pacini misstated or omitted information from the Affidavit knowingly and intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth. See id. …. Rather, Defendant asserts that the FBI contradicted itself by stating that they did not conduct trash pulls or establish surveillance because he lived in a multi-unit apartment building or they did not know where he lived, but later stated that they used geolocation information to gather information about where he lived. As the Government noted, these statements are not inconsistent because SA Pacini explained that the FBI used geolocation data to identify residences “utilized by” Defendant and others. … Second, even if the alleged contradictory information is excised, the Affidavit still contains ample content to support a finding of probable cause as discussed herein.” United States v. Yarbough, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 76063 (W.D. Pa. Apr. 8, 2026).*
Posted inDrones, Franks doctrine|Comments Off on CA10: Use of flashlight to aid a drone is still plain view
“Furthermore, there is nothing impermissible with the Government arguing that a defendant does not have an expectation of privacy in a place to assert a Fourth Amendment violation, while arguing that the defendant possessed the evidence seized in that same place to prove guilt at trial. United States v. Gómez, 770 F.2d 251, 253-54 (1st Cir. 1985) (“the fourth amendment protects legitimate privacy expectations. Therefore, it is possible for prosecutors to assert that a defendant had a possessory interest in goods seized yet had not had any privacy expectation invaded.”) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis in the original). [¶] Further, even if the Court were to find that Defendant has standing to challenge the evidence seized from Apartment 19, his arguments that the evidence seized should be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree would also have to be rejected.” United States v. Cruz-Sierra, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 75853 (D.P.R. Apr. 6, 2026).
No standing. “None of these factors favor Jackson. He points to no evidence that he asserted ownership over items in the vehicle and did not testify about his legitimate expectation of privacy. Moreover, no evidence indicates that he had permission from either the lawful owner or someone with authority to permit him to drive the vehicle. At best, Jackson points to his statement to officers that he was considering buying the car from a friend’s daughter’s girlfriend. Yet there is no record evidence indicating that the friend’s daughter’s girlfriend, whomever she may be, is either the registered owner or someone with authority to give Jackson permission to drive the vehicle.” United States v. Jackson, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 9898 (10th Cir. Apr. 7, 2026).*
Posted inAdmissibility of evidence, Standing|Comments Off on D.P.R.: Def can lack standing in the place yet still be in possession to be convicted
Flock ALPR systems can’t be compared to Carpenter’s “near perfect surveillance.” Motion to suppress properly denied. There’s no reasonable expectation of privacy of public movement on the roads. Robinson v. Commonwealth, 2026 Va. App. LEXIS 199 (Apr. 7, 2026).
In Ohio, at least, a drug dog can sniff any car during any traffic stop as long as it doesn’t prolong it at all. Here, defendant was stopped at a convenience store, and he refused commands to stay with the car and walked into the stop accusing the police of stopping him because he was black. He prolonged the stop. State v. Craft, 2026-Ohio-1205 (7th Dist. Apr. 2, 2026).*
Defendant consented to this search after being told he could refuse or revoke consent. It didn’t come right away, and it included negotiating over whether he could watch. [Long discussion of the facts showing voluntariness and his good treatment on bodycam.] United States v. Day, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74048 (D.S.D. Apr. 2, 2026).*
The court asked to see the bodycams about execution of the search warrant, and both sides agreed but they weren’t put into evidence. The court could still consider them. There was probable cause for a vehicle search because it was the getaway car from a shooting. State v. McFarland, 2026 La. App. LEXIS 596 (La. App. 4 Cir Apr. 6, 2026).*
Nervous and evasive behavior is a “pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion” on the totality (Wardlow) but more is required. Here, defendant was in a high crime area and gave conflicting stories about his criminal history. This was all reasonable suspicion. United States v. Kendrix, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74016 (W.D. La. Mar. 18, 2026).*
Officers had preexisting knowledge of defendant being involved in a drug operation before the traffic stop, so there already was reasonable suspicion. United States v. Deaver, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72540 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 2, 2026).*
Failure to include the search warrant materials anywhere in the record, either as an attachment to the motion or an exhibit at a hearing, is waiver for appeal on whether the warrant was properly issued. Burdine v. State, 2026 Miss. App. LEXIS 163 (Apr. 7, 2026).*
The evidence was unclear on whether defendant even had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the SD card being searched. It was objectively unreasonable for officers to believe they could under the warrant. United States v. Swift, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 9782 (5th Cir. Apr. 3, 2026).*
Petitioner knew about the ineffective assistance of counsel claim when he brought the first post-conviction proceeding and didn’t raise it then. It’s barred now. Andersen v. State, 2026 Minn. App. LEXIS 145 (Mar. 27, 2026).*
The district court didn’t err in concluding that the police surrounding defendant’s home and ordering him out at gun point was with probable cause. The protective sweep after was valid, too. United States v. Spencer, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 9841 (5th Cir. Apr. 6, 2026).*
WaPo: Police explore teaming up with a new crime-fighting partner: AI by Katie Mettler (“The Oklahoma City Police Department is one of 35 law enforcement agencies across the country in the early stages of adopting Longeye, which its San Francisco-based creator markets as an ethical, uncompromising way for all parts of the criminal legal system — police, prosecutors, defense attorneys, corrections officers — to fast-track the pursuit of justice. The tool exists in an ecosystem flooded with AI tech marketed to law enforcement: license plate readers, facial recognition software, ballistics analysis, crime report drafting, predictive policing. Many of those tools have been met with intense scrutiny from data privacy and police reform advocates, who argue that generative AI is prone to ‘hallucinate,’ or draw faulty conclusions — mistakes that could weaponize a justice system that already has immense power to strip away a person’s liberty.”)
Reason: The Supreme Court’s Next Big Fourth Amendment Case by Damon Root (“At issue in the April 27 oral arguments in Chatrie v. United States is something known as a geofence warrant. It’s a law enforcement tool in which a tech company is required to hand over user information for all devices, such as cellphones, within a particular geographic area and specific period of time. In this case, a geofence warrant was served on Google by the police. That warrant told Google to search the location history of every one of its users in order to determine which users were present in the vicinity of a bank robbery. Okello Chatrie was ultimately convicted based on the information obtained via this geofence warrant. According to Chatrie and his lawyers, ‘the geofence warrant was an unconstitutional general warrant [that] compelled Google to conduct a fishing expedition through millions of Google accounts, without any basis for believing that any one of them would contain incriminating evidence.’ This ‘technology may be novel,’ they told the Court, ‘but the constitutional problem it presents is not. The Fourth Amendment was born of the Founders’ revulsion for general warrants and writs of assistance—instruments that allowed the government to search first and develop suspicions later.'”)
Posted ingeofence|Comments Off on Reason: The Supreme Court’s Next Big Fourth Amendment Case
A contractor doing remodeling to a Bearded Dragon online business told the City about health code violations on the premises after he walked off the job. A health department officer walked through with permission and noted no violations. Later, an administrative warrant was obtained by the buildings department off the complaint of the contractor. “Even assuming the [contractor’] report turned out to be fabricated, the Amended Complaint does not plausibly allege that any Defendant knowingly or recklessly included false statements in the warrant application that were necessary to the probable cause determination.” Fleming v. Town of Oxford, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74106 (D. Mass. Mar. 31, 2026).*
The government got the credibility call on whether the search warrant was executed after 6 am. Also, that’s a rule violation, not a constitutional one. Defendant’s asserted errors are inconsequential. United States v. Jones, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 9643 (8th Cir. Apr. 3, 2026).*
Conversing on a cell phone with a co-conspirator was nexus to the cell phone. United States v. Rodriguez, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73075 (D. Mass. Apr. 2, 2026).*
Plaintiff was arrested for murder of his wife, but the case was dismissed without prejudice. He claimed a civil Franks violation. There was still arguable probable cause even with that which was omitted. No claim. Morphew v. Chaffee Cty., 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 9820 (10th Cir. Apr. 6, 2026).*
Officers had preexisting knowledge of defendant being involved in a drug operation before the traffic stop, so there already was reasonable suspicion. United States v. Deaver, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72540 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 2, 2026).*
In Ohio, at least, a drug dog can sniff any car during any traffic stop as long as it doesn’t prolong it at all. Here, defendant was stopped at a convenience car, and he refused commands to stay with the car and walked into the stop accusing the police of stopping him because he was black. He prolonged the stop. State v. Craft, 2026-Ohio-1205 (7th Dist. Apr. 2, 2026).*
“We agree with Kimberley that the Apple search warrant was insufficiently particularized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. However, we hold that, in the circumstances of this case, the Government has shown the good faith exception to the warrant requirement applies and thus the evidence from the Apple account did not need to be suppressed and excluded from the evidence presented at trial.” United States v. Tew, 2026 U.S. App. LEXIS 9804 (10th Cir. Apr. 6, 2026).*
Police entered, secured the premises, then sought a warrant. Defendant claims that defense counsel was ineffective for not getting bodycam videos that could have shown others entering the house while police were waiting and planted the drugs is incredible. United States v. Pickett, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 73295 (W.D. Va. Apr. 1, 2026).*
Nervous and evasive behavior is a “pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion” on the totality (Wardlow) but more is required. Here, defendant was in a high crime area and gave conflicting stories about his criminal history. This was all reasonable suspicion. United States v. Kendrix, 2026 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74016 (W.D. La. Mar. 18, 2026).*
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." —Me
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well." –Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others)
“I am still learning.” —Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)).
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848)
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams
v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold,
J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws,
or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." —Mapp
v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that
bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the
police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater
than it is today."
— Terry
v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their
property."
—Entick
v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have
frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And
so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his
case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth
Amendment."
—United
States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated
here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman
v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the
bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona
v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly
exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth
Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in
an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz
v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to
protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born
to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men
of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United
States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." —Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969)
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration
camp]
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.” – John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." —Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
