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- D.Haw.: It wasn’t objectively reasonable that def’s bag had been abandoned
- D.R.I.: Defense attorney’s affidavit for Franks motion was insufficient for lack of personal knowledge
- Philadelphia Inquirer: Two Philadelphia police officers stopped hundreds of Black men on the street. Lawyers say the stops were illegal and racially biased.
- Reason: Iowa Man Seen in Viral Body Camera Footage Wins $105,000 Wrongful Arrest Lawsuit
- Wired: Wrongful Arrest Exposes Failures in One of the Oldest Police Face-Recognition Tools in the US
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Author Archives: Hall
CA7: Strip search was reasonable, no matter the motive
Plaintiff’s strip search was objectively reasonable, no matter the subjective intent that motivated it. Jones v. Degrave, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 10953 (7th Cir. May 6, 2024). Plaintiff doesn’t show that GPS monitoring as a condition of his state probation … Continue reading
CA5: Franks civil case pleads enough to overcome QI
Plaintiff showed sufficient facts to support a § 1983 Franks v. Delaware claim for false statements supporting probable cause for arrest. Franks is clearly established law. Hughes v. Garcia, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 10922 (5th Cir. May 3, 2024). “Based … Continue reading
MI: Exclusionary rule doesn’t apply in civil cases; constitutionality of use of drone for zoning enforcement not decided
In the Michigan zoning drone use case, the court finds that the exclusionary rule would not be applied in civil cases, so the constitutionality of use of the drone didn’t need to be decided. Long Lake Twp. v. Maxon, 2024 … Continue reading
Econlib: Drug Prohibition, Exclusionary Rule, Fourth Amendment, Opportunity Costs, US v Regan
Econlib: Drug Prohibition, Exclusionary Rule, Fourth Amendment, Opportunity Costs, US v Regan by Tarnell Brown:
Cal.1st: Minor in possession of MJ is PC for search of car
Lawful possession of marijuana in a car is not probable cause for a search. A minor in possession is unlawful, so it is. In re Randy C., 2024 Cal. App. LEXIS 292 (1st Dist. May 3, 2024). There was a … Continue reading
D.P.R.: Def waived his Franks by providing nothing to show what’s what
“Although Defendant suggests that a Franks-like challenge was made during the suppression hearings in the Puerto Rico state court, he fails to develop any type of Franks argument in this case. Indeed, Defendant does not provide copies of the search … Continue reading
D.Nev.: Exclusionary rule does not apply to IRS violating its operations manual
The exclusionary rule does not apply to the IRS allegedly violating it’s own operations manual. United States v. Pacheco, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80448 (D. Nev. May 2, 2024). “Neither party cites, nor have we have found, any published cases … Continue reading
D.Utah: Drug dog arriving within 7 minutes was reasonable and part of the initial stop
Defendant’s phone was pinged by Utah court order, but it left the state and was spot checked when out-of-state. “Further, the ping data that ultimately led to the traffic stop at issue was collected while phone 3145 was in Utah. … Continue reading
D.Kan.: Preliminary hearing moots claim of lack of PC for arrest
If an arrest lacks probable cause, the preliminary hearing can moot that. Taylor v. Szewc, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57791 (D. Kan. Mar. 29, 2024). Omitted information about the CI doesn’t support this Franks challenge. United States v. Williams, 2024 … Continue reading
Conflict of laws: CA parole search waiver effective in AR
Defendant was arrested in Arkansas on a California extradition warrant, and he had a California parole search waiver. The California search waiver parallels the Arkansas statute, and Arkansas officials could search his clothing under that. In addition, the search incident … Continue reading
CA9: Compliance or not with inventory procedure is a part of totality of circumstances; here they were investigating
Compliance or not with inventory procedure is a factor in the totality of circumstances. Here, the totality showed that the officers were investigating, not just inventorying. Denial of suppression reversed. United States v. Anderson, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 10708 (9th … Continue reading
MD: Geofence warrant for rural property was with PC and particular
After farm equipment went missing from rural property over a week long span, police got a geofence warrant for the land that put defendant there. It proved unimportant under the standard of review for warrants (“substantial basis”) the fact they … Continue reading
100 years ago today, abandonment, open fields, and maybe even standing in another’s land was decided
Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57, 58-59, 44 S. Ct. 445, 68 L. Ed. 2d 898 (1924): The officers had no warrant for search or arrest, and it is contended that this made their evidence inadmissible, it being assumed, on the … Continue reading
MO: Initial bail setting under Gerstein not adversarial
An initial bail setting is nonadversarial and informal under the Fourth Amendment, so the court follows Gerstein and finds it not a critical stage. State v. Mills, 2024 Mo. LEXIS 140 (Apr. 30, 2024). The information from identified 911 callers … Continue reading
D.Alaska: Protective sweep after def’s arrest not justified, but there was exigency otherwise
The entry into the house was reasonable because of exigent circumstances because of ongoing drug operations there. Protective sweep is rejected because the defendant had already been arrested by the time the sweep occurred. United States v. Avitia-Enriquez, 2024 U.S. … Continue reading
D.Colo.: Four day delay in getting SW for seized car wasn’t unreasonable
The seizure of this car was with probable cause that a gun would be found in it. The four day delay in applying for a search warrant for the car was not unreasonable. As to standing, defendant transferred ownership of … Continue reading
FL3: Cell phone dump in civil case denied; no showing of need
In a civil case, the court granted a writ of certiorari against the trial court’s order permitting access to a party’s cell phone by forensic imaging. “We recognize, of course, that Swezy is not altogether foreclosed from seeking electronically stored … Continue reading
E.D.Va.: Must plead prejudice when delay of a cell phone SW is alleged
Defendant’s cell phone was validly seized by the police but they didn’t get a warrant until nine months later. He says it’s a “clear violation” of the Fourth Amendment but he doesn’t allege any prejudice. Denied. United States v. Campbell, … Continue reading
CA: Avoiding the police in a high crime area isn’t RS
Defendant’s avoiding the police and not wanting to interact with them did not rise to reasonable suspicion, even in a high crime area. The officers before the trial court didn’t articulate enough to show there was reasonable suspicion here. People … Continue reading
CA7: Jail officials holding plaintiff under a valid court order aren’t liable for not releasing him sooner after a sentencing error
Jail officials holding plaintiff under a valid court order aren’t liable for not releasing him sooner after a sentencing error. Sabo v. Erickson, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 10503 (7th Cir. Apr. 30, 2024). “The record further reflects that when Officer … Continue reading