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- VA: Body cam video of valid arrest would not be suppressed
- NM: Trial court’s finding of consent is reversed because the court engaged in its own internet investigation beyond what the parties provided
- Reason: No Warrant, No Suspicion, No Problem: Flock and Border Cellphone Searches Excluded From 4th Amendment Rules
- Reason: Flock’s Gunfire Alerts Raise a New Fourth Amendment Question
- N.D.Ohio: Car in driveway was on curtilage and plain view prohibited
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Feedspot’s Best Legal Blogs and Websites 2023-2026,
also, firm website Top 90 Criminal Law Blogs 2026 -
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Dog sniff
W.D.La.: Request for consent during stop came after RS developed
Defendant’s traffic stop was reasonable because of a cracked windshield on his truck, and a question about consent to search near the end of the ticket writing process didn’t unlawfully extend it. United States v. Calderon, 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS … Continue reading
GA: Dog sniff of car while citation being filled out did not extend stop; suppression reversed
While the stopping officer was filling out the citation, a second officer arrived. The dog sniff occurred while the citation was still being filled out, so it didn’t extend the stop. Grant of motion to suppress reversed. State v. Dean, … Continue reading
CA9: Failure to tell def of precise reason for arrest when no warrant in hand did not warrant suppression
Suppression of defendant’s statements is not warranted for FBI agents’ violation of Fed. R. Crim. P. 4(c)(3)(A), which provides that an arresting officer who does not possess a copy of the arrest warrant “must inform the defendant of the warrant’s … Continue reading
CA8: Dog sniff at apt door was reasonable under existing precedent
A drug dog sniff at defendant’s apartment door was reasonable under well-established circuit precedent. There’s no evidence the dog’s nose went under the door. United States v. Peck, 2025 U.S. App. LEXIS 5710 (8th Cir. Mar. 12, 2025). Plaintiff’s condition … Continue reading
ID: Officer’s subjective belief drug dog alerted can be sufficient for PC
The officer’s subjective belief the drug dog alerted can be sufficient for probable cause. Here, it’s based on the officer’s training and experience. State v. Morgan, 2025 Ida. App. LEXIS 6 (Feb. 12, 2025):
CO: Opening car door to aid drug dog sniff was a search
The drug dog officer facilitated the drug-detection dog’s entry into Pham’s vehicle by leaving the door open and partially closing and reopening it to allow the dog to enter. That constituted a search under the Fourth Amendment, following Felders v. … Continue reading
OH5: Drug dog officer’s touching car to redirect dog wasn’t a search
The officer’s briefly touching the vehicle’s exterior to redirect the canine’s focus did not constitute a search. The dog’s certification and training were sufficient to establish its reliability, absent conflicting evidence from the defendant. This traffic stop was not unconstitutionally … Continue reading
FL5: Dog alert on MJ before case law said it wasn’t PC anymore was in good faith
Newer cases hold that a drug dog can’t differentiate between legal and illegal marijuana, so a dog alert doesn’t provide probable cause. Where the dog sniff occurred before that holding, however, it was reasonable under the good faith exception. Ford … Continue reading
S.D.Ga.: USMJ recommends suppression of search after dog alert because dog prompted and window entered
USMJ recommends motion to suppress car search based on a dog alert should be granted because the handler prompted the dog and both the handler and dog entered the window and then the car before the dog alert. As to … Continue reading
Motor Biscuit: Police hope you don’t know the “K9 unit” loophole used to search your car illegally
Motor Biscuit: Police hope you don’t know the “K9 unit” loophole used to search your car illegally by Henry Cesar (“Imagine getting pulled over for a broken taillight. The cop checks your license, hands you a ticket, and starts to … Continue reading
MN: Dog sniff inside car a search
A dog sniff inside a car is a search. But here it was with probable cause. State v. Johnson, 2024 Minn. App. LEXIS 537 (Dec. 23, 2024):
W.D.La.: Dog sniff at door of commercial rented storage unit violated no REP
A dog sniff at the door to a rented commercial storage unit violated no reasonable expectation of privacy. United States v. Harris, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 224506 (W.D. La. Nov. 4, 2024). There’s no reasonable expectation of privacy in one’s … Continue reading
Drug dog nose into a car window
“The drug dog’s fleeting touch of the passenger door and de minimus intrusion into the vehicle cabin through a window left open by a passenger does not justify the exclusion of evidence under the Supreme Court’s Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.” It … Continue reading
ND: Calling 911 about OD’g child in your house is exigency for entry
Calling 911 that the child you’re caring for OD’ed on your fentanyl is consent to their emergency entry. State v. Gothberg, 2024 ND 217, 2024 N.D. LEXIS 221 (Dec. 5, 2024). 2255 petitioner pled guilty knowing the facts of the … Continue reading
CA10: Gant permits search for DL in car when def fails to identify himself
Gant search incident permits a search for a driver’s real driver’s license in a car when he fails to properly identify himself. United States v. Pinder, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 29995 (10th Cir. Nov. 26, 2024). Complaining generally about a … Continue reading
CA6: A rarity: No RS found for dog sniff on the highway
Defendant was stopped for speeding, and the officer ultimately called for a drug dog. No drugs, but he’s a felon in possession. The court finds no reasonable suspicion for extending the stop. The government proffered travel plans, criminal history, and … Continue reading
S.D.Cal.: Def counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress that might have been plausible isn’t IAC per se
“That a motion to suppress or an objection based on trial testimony regarding the aerial surveillance video might have been reasonable falls short of establishing deficient performance by counsel. United States v. Reyes, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 134866, 2012 WL … Continue reading
E.D.Mich.: Ordering passenger from car in an uneventful traffic stop required RS; his assault on officer was intervening act
The traffic stop was uneventful at first, and the driver provided all the information and papers necessary. After that, the officers focused on the passenger and ordered him from the car, but that required reasonable suspicion. His assault of the … Continue reading
N.D.Iowa: There was PC before the dog stuck his nose through the window
The dog sticking his nose through the window was a search, but the officers already had probable cause by then. Therefore, no exclusionary. United States v. Newberry, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 195271 (N.D. Iowa Oct. 28, 2024). On the government’s … Continue reading