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- C.D.Cal.: A Gerstein/McLaughlin violation for delayed first appearance requires a showing of prejudice
- CA11: Franks motion properly denied for lack of an offer of proof
- Cal.L.Rev.: Your Robotaxi Is Watching You. Does the Fourth Amendment Care?
- D.Alaska: With a SW for a cell phone, officers should ask, not make, def to open the phone with his finger
- CA2: Statement there was CP on computer was PC to seize it for a SW
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Feedspot’s Best Legal Blogs and Websites 2023-2026,
also, firm website Top 90 Criminal Law Blogs 2026 -
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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FDsys, many district courts, other federal courts
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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General (many free):
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Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
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NACDL’s Domestic Drone Information Center
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Criminal Appeal (post-conviction) (9th Cir.)
Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Author Archives: Hall
Louisville Courier Journal: Was a ‘no-knock’ warrant justified to search Breonna Taylor’s home? Several experts say no
Louisville Courier Journal: Was a ‘no-knock’ warrant justified to search Breonna Taylor’s home? Several experts say no by Andrew Wolfson (“A national authority on search and seizure law says the no-knock warrant that Louisville police obtained for Breonna Taylor’s apartment … Continue reading
CA6: No QI for prosecutors instigating raid without PC
Tennessee prosecutors have no qualified immunity for CBD raids instigated without probable cause in Operation Candy Crush. Even the state indictment they procured without probable cause doesn’t grant them immunity. Rieves v. Town of Smyrna, Tennessee, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS … Continue reading
CA5: When an excessive force claim is properly analyzed under the 4A , the 14A is inapplicable
“[W]hen a claim is properly analyzed under the Fourth Amendment, the Fourteenth is inapplicable. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989) (holding that ‘all claims that law enforcement officers have used excessive force-deadly or not-in the course of an … Continue reading
NE: Indicia linking def to premises searched could be subject of SW; affidavit didn’t need a detailed explanation of CODIS for magistrate
Obtaining defendant’s CSLI in February 2017, 16 months before Carpenter, was in good faith and reasonable. That information could thus be used in an affidavit for search warrant for his house because probable cause was otherwise shown for it. Also, … Continue reading
OR: State didn’t prove abandonment of hotel room by supposedly checking out early
Just because hotel tenants leave the room and carries bags to their car at 8 am and saying nothing doesn’t indicate they have checked out and abandoned the room. Hotel room renters commonly do that and go to meetings and … Continue reading
OH5: Walking down the middle of the street at night in a high crime area justified a patdown
Walking down the middle of the street at night in a high crime area justified a patdown. State v. Hall, 2020-Ohio-2937, 2020 Ohio App. LEXIS 1913 (5th Dist. May 15, 2020).* Replica of Glover: State v. Anglin, 2020-Ohio-2907, 2020 Ohio … Continue reading
MA: Def gets limited discovery into CI’s reliability otherwise not provided by state
Massachusetts court sees no need to intervene yet in a trial court’s limited discovery order for the CI’s reliability which was wanting in the affidavit. “If the Commonwealth feels that any document would reveal the informant’s identity, it can seek … Continue reading
MA: Police answering call to seized cell phone was unreasonable without SW
Defendant’s cell phone was seized by the police. A call came in about 74 minutes later, and it was answered. The state could have obtained a search warrant before that and did not, and it didn’t show that it couldn’t. … Continue reading
IA: 4A claim not properly made in motion for new trial; denied so it can come via post-conviction proceeding
Fourth Amendment claim made in motion for new trial is denied without prejudice to litigate it in a post-conviction proceeding. State v. Bell, 2020 Iowa App. LEXIS 521 (May 13, 2020). Defense counsel wasn’t ineffective for not pursuing a motion … Continue reading
SC: Def gets to litigate possible Mitchell exceptions on remand
Defendant is entitled to a remand to litigate whether a Mitchell warrantless BAC exception applies. State v. Key, 2020 S.C. LEXIS 71 (May 13, 2020). Defendant’s motion to suppress was properly denied by the good faith exception where obtaining of … Continue reading
CA11: Shooting passenger in a car used as a weapon unreasonable
Shooting a passenger in a car that was allegedly used as a weapon was unreasonable because the passenger had no control over the car and his shooting wouldn’t stop the car. Robinson v. Rankin, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 15297 (11th … Continue reading
LA1: Claim probation violation warrant lacked justification that led to search incident has to be argued on appeal
Defendant claimed his probation violation arrest warrant was defective and then argued the search incident to his arrest was thus invalid. On appeal, he doesn’t argue the validity of the arrest warrant, so the argument is waived. State v. Anglin, … Continue reading
OH9: When trial court relies on video of stop and search, failure to include in record on appeal is waiver
The trial court relied on the video of the stop and search, but it was not included by the defense in the record on appeal. This is considered waiver. State v. Hays, 2020-Ohio-2919, 2020 Ohio App. LEXIS 1869 (9th Dist. … Continue reading
MT: Knock-and-talk led to forced entry based on exigency of officers being made
A Montana DTF was tipped off to defendant bringing a cache of heroin to a motel to distribute. Officers set up surveillance and recognized local drug dealers coming and going. They called for uniformed backup and attempted a knock-and-talk which … Continue reading
WSJ: Coronavirus Demands a Privacy Law
WSJ: Coronavirus Demands a Privacy Law by Christine Wilson (“Silicon Valley’s role in contact tracing and social-distancing enforcement has Americans worried.”):
CA5: 4 questions in 35 seconds at immigration checkpoint were reasonable
Four questions in 35 seconds at an immigration checkpoint were reasonable and for immigration purposes, not general crime control. United States v. Avery, 2020 U.S. App. LEXIS 15034 (5th Cir. May 11, 2020). A random LPN check showed the owner’s … Continue reading
ME: No REP in paperwork kept in prison
Plaintiff had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his prison paperwork under Hudson v. Palmer or state law. If legal mail were involved, plaintiff would have to show actual injury [n.5]. Anctil v. Cassese, 2020 ME 59, 2020 Me. LEXIS … Continue reading