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- D.Utah: Minor detours to writing up a traffic ticket didn’t unreasonably extend this stop; the dog was quickly on its way
- KY: Despite lack of nexus, SW sustained under GFE
- CO: DNA could be seized from trash
- CA8: Nebraska statute allowing SWs to cross state lines doesn’t violate 4A
- WA: Sweat patch as condition of release violated state constitution’s privacy provision
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Warrant execution
Baltimore Sun: Baltimore settles lawsuit from shooting victims whose property was seized by police
Baltimore Sun: Baltimore settles lawsuit from shooting victims whose property was seized by police by Madeleine O’Neill (“The city of Baltimore has settled a federal lawsuit brought by shooting survivors who said police unlawfully confiscated their belongings without warrants, victimizing … Continue reading
CA8: When PC and GFE are the district court’s holding, challenging only PC on appeal means affirmed
When the district court holds that the warrant is valid both on probable cause and good faith, only challenging probable cause on appeal means that the alternative basis is sufficient to affirm. United States v. Bryant, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS … Continue reading
CA2: Failure to leave SW attachment at scene of search doesn’t void the search
That searching officers didn’t leave behind Attachment B to the warrant after the search didn’t void the search. United States v. Whaley, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 16819 (2d Cir. July 10, 2024). Collective knowledge here fails: “Based on the evidence … Continue reading
CA7: Police officer target of a cell phone SW stated state law claim for intrusion on seclusion for searchers leaking intimate photos of her
Plaintiff was a Joliet police officer. A search warrant was issued for her phone, and she was concerned there were intimate photos of her. The city and officers get qualified immunity for the search itself, but she states a state … Continue reading
W.D.Wis.: Jurisdictional issue in SW wasn’t enough to suppress here
In a domestic terrorism investigation, USMJs have the authority to issue search warrants outside their court’s jurisdiction. Defendant disputes that this investigation was not that, but it’s close enough. Even if the officers were mistaken, the court won’t suppress an … Continue reading
CA8: Breaking a cell phone to avoid its search and seizure justified obstruction enhancement under USSG § 3C1.1
Defendant attempting to thwart a search of cell phones in his car tried to break one such that it had to be forensically reviewed to get information off of it. He wasn’t under arrest. Still, his actions qualified for a … Continue reading
CA2: Briefly seeing occupants of a house searched nude was not unreasonable
Under Los Angeles County v. Rettele, plaintiffs’ nude exposure to searching officers during a raid on a home wasn’t unreasonable. Jury verdict for defendants affirmed. Also, this was not a strip search. Miller v. City of N.Y., 2024 U.S. App. … Continue reading
LAT: Misuse of SW seizure by police leads to $1m verdict
LATimes: Former CHP officer awarded $1 million over sexual material shared during overtime probe by Caroline Petrow-Cohen and James Queally (“Years after a controversial overtime fraud probe, a Los Angeles County jury has awarded a former California Highway Patrol employee … Continue reading
CA10: State SW for place in Indian country was done in good faith and is not suppressed
A state search warrant issued by a Tulsa state judge for a place in Indian country was done in good faith at the time under McGirt and would not be suppressed. United States v. Bailey, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 15210 … Continue reading
CA3: Failure to provide a complete list of all that was seized under a warrant wasn’t justification for suppression
Failure to provide a complete list of all that was seized under a warrant wasn’t justification for suppression. United States v. Jackson, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 13913 (3d Cir. June 7, 2024). The dashcam video supported the claim defendant was … Continue reading
CA10: Eight-hour seizure of home investigating OD before getting SW was unreasonable
“After Corban Elmore’s teenage son suffered a drug overdose at Elmore’s home, law-enforcement officers secured the scene and prohibited anyone from entering the house. The officers then continued to investigate and allowed almost eight hours to elapse before applying for … Continue reading
LA5: No standing to challenge search of shooting victim’s cell phone in def’s possession
Defendant lacked standing to challenge the search of his shooting victim’s cell phone. Also, by statute the search of the phone more than 10 days after seizure was reasonable. State v. Lowry, 2024 La. App. LEXIS 804 (La. App. 5 … Continue reading
CA11: QI for FBI SWAT raiding wrong house at 3:30 am
“In Hartsfield, we explained that an officer who makes ‘reasonable effort[s] to ascertain and identify the’ target address of a valid search warrant complies with the Fourth Amendment even if error is ultimately not averted. 50 F.3d at 954-55 (quoting … Continue reading
N.D.Ohio: Heroin and three guns in plain view was exigency for entry with child alone inside
Police knowing that defendant’s 12-year-old son was in the house alone with a significant quantity of heroin and three firearms all in plain view was exigency for entry. There also previous complaints to Family Services. United States v. Woodard, 2024 … Continue reading
E.D.N.Y.: The search of def’s house started about 6:10 am; the camera time hadn’t been adjusted for DST
Defendant submitted that the search of his house started at 5:00 am. The officers and virtually all the evidence showed it started at 6:10 am. The metadata on some photographs showed 5:16 am. The court finds the camera’s time hadn’t … Continue reading
CA7: Warranted strip search in a private secure setting was conducted reasonably
“Shaw raises three responses, but they are unavailing. First, he contends that the officers did not follow Wisconsin and local laws that instruct officers to obtain written authorization from a supervisor before a strip search. But a violation of state … Continue reading
Reason: Judge Quashes Felony Murder Charges Against Former Houston Cop Whose Lies Led to a Deadly 2019 Drug Raid
Reason: Judge Quashes Felony Murder Charges Against Former Houston Cop Whose Lies Led to a Deadly 2019 Drug Raid by Jacob Sullen (“Gerald Goines’ lawyers argued that the indictment did not adequately specify the underlying felony of tampering with a … Continue reading
W.D.Wash.: DNA warrant isssued with PC not quashed before execution
Because there is probable cause for defendant’s DNA warrant, the court declines to quash it before execution, let alone even discuss what the standard would be to do so. United States v. Campbell, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 53075 (W.D. Wash. … Continue reading
Redacted SW and affidavit for LR Airport Director’s house
A few lawyer friends elsewhere have asked; here’s the unsealed and redacted search warrant for the ATF raid of the Little Rock Airport Executive Director’s house that led to his death during the raid earlier this week. See ArkTimes: Illegal … Continue reading