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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com / The Book
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-25,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 500,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 47,000 posts since 2003 (30,000+ on WordPress as of 12/31/24) -
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Fourth Amendment cases,
citations, and links -
Latest Slip Opinions:
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Foreign Intell.Surv.Ct.
FDsys, many district courts, other federal courts
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State courts (and some USDC opinions)
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
Research Links:
Supreme Court:
SCOTUSBlog
S. Ct. Docket
Solicitor General's site
SCOTUSreport
Briefs online (but no amicus briefs)
Oyez Project (NWU)
"On the Docket"–Medill
S.Ct. Monitor: Law.com
S.Ct. Com't'ry: Law.com
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General (many free):
LexisWeb
Google Scholar | Google
LexisOne Legal Website Directory
Crimelynx
Lexis.com $
Lexis.com (criminal law/ 4th Amd) $
Findlaw.com
Findlaw.com (4th Amd)
Westlaw.com $
F.R.Crim.P. 41
www.fd.org
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
DOJ Computer Search Manual (2009) (pdf)
Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
Privacy Foundation
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NACDL’s Domestic Drone Information Center
Electronic Privacy Information Center
Criminal Appeal (post-conviction) (9th Cir.)
Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) -
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“You know, most men would get discouraged by now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men!”
---Pepé Le Pew -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Little Rock 
Category Archives: Arrest or entry on arrest
OH: Lack of judge’s signature on actual arrest warrant not fatal where judge signed off on complaint; GFE also applies
The absence of the judge’s signature on an arrest warrant was not fatal where the affidavit for probable cause sworn by the witness was attested to by the judge and attached. The good faith exception also applies. (Finally, the state’s … Continue reading
IL: Def’s stop and obtaining DL was permitted by Terry so alleged illegal arrest is moot point
Officers had sufficient information for a Terry stop. They arrested defendant and got his DL and identifiers. Even if the arrest was illegal, the Terry stop would not have been and the same information would have been available. Therefore, there … Continue reading
M.D.Fla.: 4A doesn’t apply to foreign citizens in their own country, even if U.S. arranges the arrest
“Cifuentes-Cuero also argues that the manner in which the United States government brought him into this country, by using ‘falsification [and] unconscionable action[s]’ violated his due process rights and divested the Court of jurisdiction. (Doc. # 1-1 at 14-19). Cifuentes-Cuero … Continue reading
CA11: No QI where ptf showed potential false arrest and lengthy detention where crime lab found no drugs
Plaintiff showed sufficient evidence to have a jury decide that her jaywalking arrest was bogus and that led to finding alleged cocaine. Instead, the supposed cocaine was sand leaking from a stress ball that allegedly tested positive for cocaine in … Continue reading
TN: Civil investigative demand in deceptive trade practices case was reasonable
The Attorney General’s request for information (a subpoena) in a deceptive trade practices case was reasonable in scope and reasonably related to the AG’s authority under the statute. In re Investigation of Wall & Assocs., 2021 Tenn. App. LEXIS 449 … Continue reading
CA6: Individual officer not responsible for process that denied ptf prompt PC hearing under Riverside
While an arrested person has a right to a prompt judicial determination of probable cause for the arrest, it’s not necessarily on the officer to get the person before a magistrate. “[I]t was not objectively unreasonable for Wynkoop to expect … Continue reading
OH: Statute doesn’t change rule that felony arrest on PC doesn’t need an arrest warrant
The Fourth Amendment and Ohio Constitution permit felony arrests in public on probable cause without exigency. Statute doesn’t change that. State v. Jordan, 2021-Ohio-3922, 2021 Ohio LEXIS 2213 (Nov. 9, 2021). “Here, the collective knowledge of Troopers Schulz, Colindres, and … Continue reading
KS: Officer did not have to rely on def’s representation AW was being withdrawn; dispatch confirmed it was still valid before arrest
There was an arrest warrant for defendant, but it was vacated by the issuing court eight hours after defendant’s arrest. Defense counsel was trying to get it vacated at the time. “Here, Rollf testified that under department policy, after dispatch … Continue reading
AR: GFE applies to dispatch saying there was a search waiver when there apparently wasn’t
The officer relied in good faith, as in Herring, upon dispatch saying that defendant had a probation search waiver on file. She argued that she had a suspended sentence and never agreed to a search waiver and the suspended sentence … Continue reading
CA9: Use of def’s suppression hearing testimony in penalty phase not unreasonable application of Simmons
The California Supreme Court’s holding that Simmons did not bar using defendant’s suppression hearing testimony in the death penalty phase of his criminal trial (People v. Ochoa, 19 Cal. 4th 353, 79 Cal. Rptr. 2d 408, 966 P.2d 442, 464, … Continue reading
LA4: SDT for tort ptf’s cell phone records was unreasonable and disproportionate
A subpoena duces tecum in a civil case for a plaintiff’s cell phone records was quashed and affirmed on appeal. Because of the substantial reasonable expectation of privacy in phone records, this was not proportionate to the case or the … Continue reading
CO: These controlled buys were with PC; they could have been “more pristine” but they were adequate
The trial court erred in suppressing the search warrant here because it speculated on things not in the record. The warrant was based on two controlled buys that recounted the CI’s information, the police investigation to corroborate what they could, … Continue reading
CA9: Retired LEO as civilian employee qualified under collective knowledge
A retired LEO experienced in drug cases who was now a civilian employee of the department could here be included within the collective knowledge doctrine. United States v. McCoy, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 30364 (9th Cir. Oct. 12, 2021). Probable … Continue reading
CA1: Arrest for DV was with PC despite disputed self-defense claim
Plaintiff was arrested for domestic violence, asserting he was defending himself. When the state charges were dropped, he sued the officer. His version of the facts do not unequivocally support self-defense or defense of premises, so the officer gets qualified … Continue reading
D.Vt.: Affidavit for arrest warrant shows PC for some crime; alleged technical problems don’t matter
There was probable cause for defendant’s arrest for second degree murder. The affidavit need only show probable cause for some crime, and technical deficiencies don’t matter. United States v. Felix, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 188274 (D.Vt. Sept. 30, 2021):
E.D.Wis.: Threat to arrest high school student for social media post about Covid violates 1A
Officer’s threatening to arrest a high school student and her parents for disorderly conduct if she didn’t take down a social media post about her exposure to Covid violated the First Amendment. Cohoon v. Konrath, No. 20-cv-0620-BHL (E.D.Wis. Sept. 24, … Continue reading
AR: Arrest outside officer’s jurisdiction not constitutionally unreasonable
The jurisdiction of an officer to make an arrest does not make an arrest outside of the officer’s jurisdiction unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment or the state constitution. Durden v. City of Van Buren, 2021 Ark. App. 357, 2021 Ark. … Continue reading
CA11: Mistaken identity arrest on 26 year old warrant was reasonable where names were same but DOB was not
This mistaken identity arrest was reasonable. The name and gender were the same but the DOB was not. The warrant was 26 years old. Sosa v. Martin County, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 28401 (11th Cir. Sept. 20, 2021):
CA11: RS included talking on phone during stop when repeatedly told to hang up
Defendant’s excessive nervousness, denial that some of the contents of the car were even his, and repeatedly talking on the phone with someone the officer suspected was coaching him what to do and say even after being repeatedly told to … Continue reading