Yale L.J.: “The Ostensible (and, at Times, Actual) Virtue of Deference” to police expertise

Anthony O’Rourke, The Ostensible (and, at Times, Actual) Virtue of Deference, Yale L. Journal (Nov. 30, 2021), at note 36:

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Buying Data and the Fourth Amendment by Orin S. Kerr

Orin S. Kerr, Buying Data and the Fourth Amendment, Hoover Institution, Aegis Series Paper No. 2109 (Nov. 17, 2021):

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FL1: Alleged statutory violation for seizing alcohol abusers not subject to any exclusionary rule

An officer’s alleged violation of statutory procedures for dealing with alcohol abusers they encounter is not subject to an exclusionary rule. Nothing in the statute even suggests it. Jones v. State, 2021 Fla. App. LEXIS 15097 (Fla. 1st DCA Nov. 24, 2021).*

The defendant’s qualified immunity in an excessive force claim fails because of a factual dispute. Jones v. Kuschell, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 35126 (7th Cir. Nov. 29, 2021).*

This 2254 petitioner can’t overcome Stone bar to attempt to relitigate his Fourth Amendment claim. Brown v. AG of Nevada, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 227850 (D.Nev. Nov. 29, 2021).*

Defendant’s motion to suppress for lack of probable cause and such a lack that the good faith exception doesn’t apply fails. There is probable cause. United States v. Morgan, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 227933 (E.D.N.C. Nov. 24, 2021).* (The purpose of 1984 good faith exception was for just this. This argument almost never succeeds.)

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PA: Sometimes a police-citizen encounter is “a legal fiction” in an “Alice in Wonderland scenario,” like here, but they’re bound by it

The officers’ seeing the outline of a gun on defendant’s person as they drove by justified their turning around and encountering him. Under existing law, “a legal fiction” in an “Alice in Wonderland scenario” the court is bound by, defendant was still subject to a “mere encounter.” Commonwealth v. Jones, 2021 Pa. Super. LEXIS 698 (Nov. 29, 2021):

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N.-M.: Statement attenuated from unlawful cell phone seizure

Defendant was arrested after NCIS forced entry into his barracks room arresting him at gunpoint coming out of the shower for allegations of sexual conversations with an minor. NCIS seized his cell phone without a search authorization. Ultimately, his cell phone was suppressed, but his incriminating statements were found sufficiently attenuated from the seizure of the phone. United States v. Bickford, 2021 CCA LEXIS 643 (N.-M. Ct. Crim. App. Nov. 29, 2021):

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W.D.Va.: IAC claim over how to argue GFE fails

This 2255 petitioner argued his defense lawyer didn’t properly argue application of the good faith exception in the direct appeal, but doesn’t say how the case could have come out different. Also, the briefs and opinion on appeal show that it was argued and there was probable cause [so the good faith exception issue was moot]. United States v. Thomas, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 227141 (W.D.Va. Nov. 23, 2021).

Defense counsel made a reasonable determination not to pursue a Franks challenge because it would fail. Korte v. United States, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 227028 (C.D.Cal. Nov. 23, 2021).*

Plaintiff’s complaint stated a basis for a knock-and-announce violation and the district court erred in dismissing the claim and sua sponte granting qualified immunity. James v. City of Detroit, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 35069 (6th Cir. Nov. 23, 2021).*

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SC permits SW issuing judges to testify to PC. But why? It’s a question of law.

Search warrant issuing judges can testify in South Carolina to why they found probable cause. [Why? Probable cause is a question of law everywhere else in the United States.] The omission of some information didn’t change the probable cause analysis, and defendant’s Franks challenge fails. State v. Ostrowski, 2021 S.C. App. LEXIS 142 (Nov. 24, 2021):

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OR: Proximity to others probably committing a crime isn’t PC

“[T]he facts supporting [the officer’s] belief that defendant committed a crime were not specific to defendant and related instead to defendant’s proximity to drug use by others.” “Because the totality of the circumstances here fail to demonstrate a probability that defendant was engaged in illegal drug activity, we conclude that probable cause did not exist to arrest defendant.” State v. Madden, 315 Or. App. 787, 2021 Ore. App. LEXIS 1643 (Nov. 24, 2021).

A county engineer’s redirecting overweight trucks at a highway construction job wasn’t a Fourth Amendment seizure. Qualified immunity applies, too. Central Specialties, Inc. v. Large, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 34943 (8th Cir. Nov. 24, 2021).

Plaintiff’s suit for Fourth Amendment excessive force and ADA for wrongfully dealing with an autistic resident named the wrong defendants for those claims. Martin v. Noble County Sheriff’s Dep’t, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 34946 (7th Cir. Nov. 24, 2021).*

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D.Neb.: Jardines does not prohibit a knock-and-talk

Jardines does not prohibit a knock-and-talk as long as the officers enter via the normal path. United States v. Hartford, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 226452 (D.Neb. Nov. 24, 2021).

A protective sweep of defendant’s car was reasonable, despite his being handcuffed, where officers responded to a report of someone firing a gun, and defendant’s car was the only one there. United States v. Childers, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 226690 (D.Minn. Nov. 24, 2021).

There was reasonable suspicion for defendant’s stop and detention. United States v. Dung Thi Lee, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 226905 (W.D.Tex. Nov. 23, 2021).*

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E.D.Mich.: CI’s information showed almost nothing as to one property for SW, so no PC nor GFE

The affidavit for the warrant for one particular address in this case fails to even minimally show probable cause. “Here, there was not enough information in the affidavit to allow a reasonable officer to conclude that there was sufficient ‘ongoing drug activity’ to justify a search of Defendant Harden’s residence on Shadowlawn based just on that activity. Nor was there anything establishing a ‘minimally sufficient nexus’ between the alleged drug dealing and the Shadowlawn residence that justified officers’ reliance on the warrant: the anonymous tips make no mention of the Shadowlawn residence at all, and the affidavit identifies only a single ‘short stay’ at the Shadowlawn residence. For these reasons, the Court concludes that the good faith exception does not apply, and any evidence seized as a result of the search of the Shadowlawn residence must be suppressed.” United States v. Harden, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 226385 (E.D.Mich. Nov. 24, 2021)

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MO: Traffic stop not custodial for Miranda

A traffic stop is not a custodial arrest requiring Miranda warnings. Defendant’s admissions he had drugs wasn’t excludable. State v. Ybarra, 2021 Mo. App. LEXIS 1031 (Nov. 23, 2021).

Not objecting to the state offering a search warrant application into evidence at trial was a waiver. State v. Diaz, 2021 La. App. LEXIS 1756 (La. App. 5 Cir. Nov. 17, 2021).

Defendant consented to the taking of his buccal swab despite his statement having been suppressed. State v. Tate, 315 Or. App. 751, 2021 Ore. App. LEXIS 1647 (Nov. 24, 2021) (under submission for 2½ years).*

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NY Bronx: Front stoop of a multifamily dwelling isn’t protected curtilage

The front stoop of a multifamily dwelling in the Bronx isn’t protected curtilage. In re of Y.N., 2021 NY Slip Op 51108(U), 2021 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 5975 (Bronx Co. Family Nov. 12, 2021) (unpublished):

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N.D.Fla.: Temporary beachfront closure because of Covid restrictions not a 4A seizure

Temporary closure of part of plaintiffs’ beach use inland from the public beach because of Covid restrictions was not a Fifth Amendment taking nor a Fourth Amendment seizure. Ki Fla. Properties v. Walton County, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 226830 (N.D.Fla. Oct. 15, 2021):

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CA9: No standing in pole camera surveillance of house of another

Defendant doesn’t have standing to challenge prolonged pole camera surveillance of the property of another. Also, there was reasonable suspicion on the totality including collective knowledge to extend defendant’s stop for a drug dog. United States v. Cruz, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 34975 (9th Cir. Nov. 24, 2021).

2255 petitioner’s Fourth Amendment claim is rejected under Stone. Mumme v. United States, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 225243 (D.Me. Nov. 23, 2021).*

Plaintiff’s federal claim that a search was conducted unreasonably was essentially litigated in the New York court of claims to conclusion, so it’s barred. Stegemann v. Rensselaer County Sheriff’s Office, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 34783 (2d Cir. Nov. 23, 2021).*

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DE: Carpenter doesn’t apply to specific cell tower dumps obtained by SW

Carpenter doesn’t apply to specific cell tower dumps obtained by search warrant. “The warrants present in this case are not a top-to-bottom search of any and all stored data of the digital contents of the devices and ‘any other information/data pertinent to this investigation’ belonging to the defendant like the one in Taylor. [Taylor v. State, 2021 WL 4095672, at 8 (Del. 2021)] A distinction must be made between a warrant for an individual’s data found on their devices and cell tower dumps, like the Cell Tower Warrants. The search in contention is not one of all data of an individual’s devices so a lower standard should be warranted. However, even if this Court chooses to look at the cell tower dumps under the lens of Taylor, there is not similar broad language to render the Cell Tower Warrants unconstitutional as the warrant in Taylor .” State v. Hudson, 2021 Del. Super. LEXIS 670 (Nov. 23, 2021).

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N.D.Tex.: Syringe in back pocket was in plain view

The court finds the syringe in defendant’s back pocket was in plain view. United States v. Riggins, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 224594 (N.D.Tex. Nov. 22, 2021).*

Defendant’s stop wasn’t unreasonably prolonged, so the dash and bodycam videos are not suppressed. Brooks v. State, 2021 Tex. App. LEXIS 9440 (Tex. App. – Houston (14th Dist.) Nov. 23, 2021).*

A co-occupant consented to the entry, and defendant’s handgun was in plain view. United States v. Gurthrie, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 224531 (M.D.Ga. Nov. 19, 2021).*

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D.Colo.: 911 call about being shot by unknown assailant in a locked building was implied consent to enter or justified by emergency

Defendant called 911 to report he was shot by a masked assailant and asked for help. That was implied consent for EMTs and police to enter either by implied consent or the emergency exception. Once investigating, they concluded defendant more than likely shot himself, and he would have been a felon in possession. Therefore, they sought a search warrant for the premises. United States v. Gaye, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 226149 (D.Colo. Nov. 12, 2021).

There was no consent for the officers’ entry into defendant’s house, and there was no other legal justification. The good faith exception doesn’t apply. United States v. Watkins, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 225499 (W.D.N.C. Nov. 23, 2021).*

There is no co-conspirator standing, if that’s what this is. “Being an organizer or officer of a corporation, though, does not automatically confer standing to challenge a search of corporate property.” United States v. Charles, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 225500 (E.D.Ark. Nov. 23, 2021).*

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N.D.Ind.: Arrestee left out in cold in t-shirt stated 4A claim

Plaintiff states a Fourth Amendment claim that he was arrested and left outside in the snow in jeans and a t-shirt for more than 30 minutes. Bolin v. Prater, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 225777 (N.D.Ind. Nov. 23, 2021).

Leaving drugs on a car seat is in plain view. Commonwealth v. Heidelberg, 2021 Pa. Super. LEXIS 687 (Nov. 23, 2021).

Handcuffing during a Terry stop was reasonable here, and it did not turn an investigative detention into a custodial arrest. United States v. Hall, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 225831 (W.D.Okla. Nov. 23, 2021).*

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N.D.Okla: Pre-McGirt state SW was obtained and executed in good faith

In a 2255, a state search warrant on Indian lands issued and executed 16 years before McGirt v. Oklahoma was not subject to suppression because it was obtained and executed in good faith based on law at the time. United States v. Sells, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 225810 (N.D.Okla. Nov. 23, 2021):

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WA: Overbroad SW was severable as to three places searched

The Washington Division of Fish and Wildlife received detailed reports of defendant brothers’ charter boats engaging in unlawful recreational fishing of halibut to skirt the daily catch limit. They put an undercover officer (a former charter boat operator) on one of the boats. While undercover, the officer heard the boat captain make incriminating comments about how to skirt the limit. Ultimately, a search warrant was obtained for the company records for the same year as the offense and for records on three vessels. The court concludes there was no real inference of overfishing to be found on two of the vessels but was on one. “We conclude that the warrant was severable because a meaningful separation on a logical and reasonable basis can be made between the records of the Westwind and the records of the other three vessels. Therefore, the warrant was valid against David Gudgell, but not Robert Gudgell because probable cause did not support a search of records related to the [vessel] Katie Marie, as discussed above. Accordingly, the Gudgells’ argument concerning overbreadth and severability fails.” Reversed as to one defendant but not the other. State v. Gudgell, 2021 Wash. App. LEXIS 2787 (Nov. 23, 2021).

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