Getting one of two occupants out of a car during a stop to separate them was reasonable in any traffic stop. That wasn’t a “detention,” and the dog sniff occurring during that part of the stop was reasonable. United States v. Born, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87867 (S.D. Ohio June 8, 2017).
Officers had probable cause to arrest, and defendant consented to search his cell phone for text messages. State v. Goodwin, 2017 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 480 (June 7, 2017).*
Posted inConsent, Dog sniff|Comments Off on S.D.Ohio: Dog sniff during the initial part of stop by another officer was reasonable
Appellant’s “unconstitutional condition” argument under the Fourth Amendment has already been rejected in this case, and the state consitutitonal argument wasn’t developed. Marman v. Levi, 2017 ND 133, 2017 N.D. LEXIS 133 (June 7, 2017).*
Defendant’s untimely motion for new trial waived her motion to suppress. State v. Brown, 2017 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 475 (June 7, 2017).*
Posted inState constitution|Comments Off on ND: Separate state constitutional search argument has to be developed to be considered
Because the drug dog arrived nearly at the same time as the officer making the traffic stop, the dog sniff on the highway did not extend the stop under Rodriguez. State v. Phelps, 2017 ND 141, 2017 N.D. LEXIS 134 (June 7, 2017): Continue reading →
Posted inDog sniff|Comments Off on ND: Drug dog arriving before stop completed could sniff before stop ended
The method of packaging marijuana was probable cause to believe it was for sale and not misdemeanor possession. State v. Turbeville, 2017 ND 139, 2017 N.D. LEXIS 146 (June 9, 2017).
The CIs were adequately corroborated in this long term investigation, and that was sufficient for probable cause. Alternatively, the good faith exception applies. United States v. Druger, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 83971 (E.D. Mo. May 9, 2017),* adopted, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 83581 (E.D. Mo. June 1, 2017).*
Posted inProbable cause|Comments Off on ND: Method of packaging MJ was sufficient PC for delivery, not just possession
Reasonable suspicion was mounting from the beginning of the stop. Defendant was excessively nervous and repeatedly (to the surprise of the officer) consented to a search of the vehicle. Defendant’s 25 year old conviction wasn’t too stale to be considered in the totality of reasonable suspicion. United States v. Dion, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 10239 (1st Cir. June 8, 2017): Continue reading →
Posted inReasonable suspicion|Comments Off on CA1: 25-year-old prior could be considered by officer in RS totality
Defense counsel was not ineffective. The search of defendant’s hotel room for evidence in a child sex exploitation case after she escaped from the room and talked to the police was based on exigency. “ The officers also had exigent circumstances to justify immediate entry. The victim reported that there was a small child still in the room, and while the officers could see feet on the bed, they could not see any of the defendants’ heads or hands. Thus, the officers were reasonably concerned for the child’s safety as well as possible destruction of electronic evidence.” The sequence of a search incident doesn’t matter. United States v. Jones, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 10138 (9th Cir. June 7, 2017).*
Posted inEmergency / exigency, Search incident|Comments Off on CA9: Exigency supported entry into hotel room when there was another child inside in child sex exploitation case
The exclusionary rule won’t be applied to suppress the identity of an undocumented person leading to illegal reentry prosecution (relying on Hudson). United States v. Chagoya-Morales, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 10277 (7th Cir. June 9, 2017): Continue reading →
Posted inExclusionary rule|Comments Off on CA7: Exclusionary rule won’t be applied to identity in an illegal reentry case
An anonymous tip corroborated by a jailhouse telephone call showed probable cause to believe plaintiff was in possession of a pet deer in violation of state game regulations. A search warrant was issued that was broader than just that one deer, but it was reasonable under Messerschmidt that it would provide other evidence. The denial of qualified immunity is reversed. Kiesling v. Holladay, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 10271 (8th Cir. June 9, 2017) (2-1): Continue reading →
Posted inQualified immunity, Scope of search|Comments Off on CA8: Warrant was broad, but not constitutionally overbroad for QI under Messerschmidt
Defendant’s cousin, visiting the house and working in the garage, had no apparent authority to consent to an entry. He made it clear it wasn’t his house, that he had no key and entered through an unlocked side door, and that he was waiting for his cousin. State v. Holtzclaw, 2017 Ga. App. LEXIS 258 (June 8, 2017).
“Because Newell failed to sustain her initial burden of proof to demonstrate that her stop and seizure were warrantless and that her statements were the result of custodial interrogation, the trial court erred as a matter of law in granting her motion to suppress.” State v. Newell, 2017-Ohio-4143, 2017 Ohio App. LEXIS 2206 (1st Dist. June 7, 2017).*
Posted inApparent authority|Comments Off on GA: Def’s visiting cousin with no key had no apparent authority to consent to search of house
The “new crime” exception for a crime committed against a police officer after an allegedly unlawful entry is permitted under the attenuation doctrine. Here, defendant assaulted a police officer who pursued her into her house on a warrant for arrest and she was fleeing. State v. Pranschke, 2017 Iowa App. LEXIS 587 (June 7, 2017).
State law only requires that failure to use a turn signal only requires “may” affect another vehicle, and that includes the police vehicle. There was a basis for the stop. State v. Schlichting, 2017 Iowa App. LEXIS 567 (June 7, 2017).*
Posted inAttenuation|Comments Off on IA: “New crime” exception for a crime committed against a police officer after an allegedly unlawful entry is a part of attenuation
Bexar County jail’s acceptance of ICE detainers without a showing probable cause for the detention violates the Fourth Amendment. The collective knowledge doctrine doesn’t apply where there isn’t any communication between ICE and the jail other than the jail taking detainees. Summary judgment on liability against the county granted. Santoyo v. United States, 5:16-CV-855-OLG (W.D.Tex. June 5, 2017): Continue reading →
Officer’s seeing meth through window and then bottles used for making meth suggested making methamphetamine which is recognized as an exigency. State v. Secriskey, 2017-Ohio-4169, 2017 Ohio App. LEXIS 2217 (9th Dist. June 7, 2017).
Defendant gets limited discovery of a prior impoundment by the officer that violated policy. United States v. Flores, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 85978 (C.D. Cal. June 2, 2017).*
Positive probation drug screen 15 days earlier, with nothing more, wasn’t reasonable suspicion for a probation search of the house. State v. Fax, 2017 Del. Super. LEXIS 270 (June 2, 2017).
Geolocation information from a coconspirator’s cell phone was used to surveil a truck stop which was a heroin transfer point. When this car showed up and there was a dog alert, there was probable cause for a search under the automobile exception. United States v. Nunez, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 86527 (S.D. N.Y. June 6, 2017).*
While an officer can take a gun during a frisk, the officer can’t run the serial numbers [compare New York v. Class on VINs] as a part of a frisk. United States v. Shipley, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 83985 (D. Ariz. March 3, 2017), adopted, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 83194 (D. Ariz. May 30, 2017): Continue reading →
Defendant’s alleged nervousness, on the totality, wasn’t enough for reasonable suspicion. The officer testified to his nervousness, but the video doesn’t support it. The court just does not believe that the officer could see defendant’s heart “pounding” through his t-shirt. United States v. Cox, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84679 (E.D. Pa. June 2, 2017): Continue reading →
Posted inReasonable suspicion|Comments Off on E.D.Pa.: Dashcam video doesn’t support officer’s claim of nervousness
“Here, the trial court erred in requiring the Director to prove there was reasonable suspicion to justify stopping Williams’ vehicle. The Director was only required to prove there was probable cause to arrest Williams for driving in violation of an alcohol related offense. … In determining whether there was probable cause, the trial court should have considered both evidence of ‘unusual or illegal operation of a motor vehicle’ prior to stopping the driver, and evidence of ‘indicia of intoxication on coming into contact with the motorist.’” Williams v. Dir. of Revenue, 2017 Mo. App. LEXIS 535 (June 6, 2017).*
Defendant waived his search issue by pleading guilty. Even so, the gun was found in plain view after the officer saw marijuana on the seat and opened the door. State v. Prieto, 2017-Ohio-4156, 2017 Ohio App. LEXIS 2205 (7th Dist. June 1, 2017).*
Even if the search of defendant’s car violated the Fourth Amendment, the uncontested search of his house did not, and that provides overwhelming evidence of guilt. Thus, the car search is harmless at best. Johnson v. State, 2017 Miss. App. LEXIS 335 (June 6, 2017).*
Defendant’s BAC test was with probable cause after hitting electrical workers and appearing under the influence. State v. Schuster, 2017-Ohio-4115, 2017 Ohio App. LEXIS 2168 (12th Dist. June 5, 2017).*
Posted inBurden of proof, Probable cause|Comments Off on MI: Search of def’s car was harmless compared to uncontested search of house
An RA in a college dorm searched defendant’s room and found drugs. The police were called and they entered the room and seized the drugs. There is no dorm room exception to the Fourth Amendment. This is not the same as the RA removing the drugs and handing them over to the police because the police entered a “constitutionally protected area” with a reasonable expectation of privacy. State v. Rodriguez, 2017 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 569 (June 7, 2017) (no opinion link): Continue reading →
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." —Me
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well." –Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others)
“I am still learning.” —Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)).
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848)
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." —Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." —Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today." — Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property." —Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment." —United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth." —Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable." —Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." —Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” —United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.” —United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." —Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969)
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp]
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.” – John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." —Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.