Archives
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Recent Posts
- N.D.Tex.: AUSA can summarize what the gov’t knows for SW application
- S.D.N.Y.: No right to quash SCA warrant before execution; remedies are after
- S.D.N.Y.: SW not based on mere speculation
- D.Mont.: Officers had RS for stop; it wasn’t based on the race of the suspects
- M.D.Pa.: SW for phone 19 months after alleged crimes showed PC
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Monthly Archives: February 2021
CA2: The officer’s perceptions were reasonable that entry into defendant’s backyard was necessary
“Nor can we say that Galligan’s enforcement action was clearly unlawful. The undisputed facts of this case demonstrate that Plaintiffs kept a variety of unusual objects in their backyard, causing it to resemble a junkyard. The question is not whether … Continue reading
MO: Trial court erred in shifting burden on voluntariness of consent to def and considering failure to testify at suppression hearing
The trial court erred in putting the burden of proof on the defendant to rebut the state’s claim of consent. He didn’t testify, but he cross-examined. The trial court also held against him the failure to testify. State v. Crum, … Continue reading
Reason: SCOTUS To Decide if Cops Need More ‘Elbow Room’ To Conduct Certain Warrantless Home Searches
Reason: SCOTUS To Decide if Cops Need More ‘Elbow Room’ To Conduct Certain Warrantless Home Searches by Damon Root (“A new case tests the limits of the “community caretaking exception” to the Fourth Amendment.”)
NYT: Opinion: They Stormed the Capitol. Their Apps Tracked Them.
NYT: Opinion: They Stormed the Capitol. Their Apps Tracked Them. By Charlie Warzel and Stuart A. Thompson (“Times Opinion was able to identify individuals from a trove of leaked smartphone location data.”)
N.D.Ohio: Reasonableness of a parole search can include considering def’s criminal record
Knights on parole and probation searches is a reasonableness on the totality test, and this measures up. Defendant’s criminal record is a relevant factor for the officers to consider. United States v. Sharp, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18768 (N.D. Ohio … Continue reading
D.Mass.: No REP in an apt wrongfully entered by def
Defendant had no objective reasonable expectation of privacy in an apartment he wrongfully entered and assaulted the occupant. A black case he kept there had a subjective expectation of privacy but not an objective one. United States v. John, 2021 … Continue reading
E.D.N.C.: PC was shown, but not nexus, and GFE does not apply
The affidavit showed probable cause, but it completely failed to show nexus to defendant’s place. It was so deficient in the showing of nexus that the good faith exception cannot apply. United States v. King, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18956 … Continue reading
OH12: GFE applies to precedent decided day before search where nobody knew of the case
The day before defendant’s parole search, the state supreme court put the legality of his parole status in doubt. Nobody involved even knew about the case. The court agrees that the good faith exception applies to the search because there … Continue reading
M.D.N.C.: SW materials remain under seal
The government showed sufficient grounds to have the search warrant application remain under seal to protect the integrity of the investigation. United States ex rel. Childress v. Carolina Comprehensive Health Network, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18389 (M.D. N.C. Feb. 1, … Continue reading
DE: Texting linked def’s cell phone to murder and was nexus for SW
“Second, the affidavits supported the Magistrate’s determination that there was a nexus between the murder and Defendant’s iPhone. The affidavits averred that Witness 2 texted Defendant throughout the day of the murder.” State v. Wilson, 2021 Del. Super. LEXIS 84 … Continue reading
D.Mass.: Ptf stated claim for trespass for wrongful protective sweep in material witness arrest
Plaintiff stated a FTCA claim for trespass and intentional infliction of emotional distress for an alleged unjustified protective sweep entering his house to arrest him as a material witness in a military commission case. Gill v. United States, 2021 U.S. … Continue reading
W.D.N.C.: The part of the SW for drugs was severable and without PC; drugs found, however, were in plain view in stolen property search
The affidavit for this search warrant didn’t show probable cause to search for drugs, but it did for stolen property. Severing that part, when the officers searched for stolen property, they found drugs, and they were thus in plain view. … Continue reading
Orchids of Asia Day Spa unlawfully made videos ordered destroyed
Reason: Cops Must Destroy Illegal Surveillance Videos From Spa Visited by Robert Kraft by Elizabeth Nolan Brown (“Authorities ‘shall destroy the videos unlawfully obtained through the surveillance of the Orchids of Asia Day Spa,’ a federal judge says.”) Techdirt: Federal … Continue reading
CBS Baltimore: Baltimore’s Board Of Estimates Ends Agreement With Company Running Aerial Surveillance Program
CBS Baltimore: Baltimore’s Board Of Estimates Ends Agreement With Company Running Aerial Surveillance Program (“The Baltimore City Board of Estimates on Wednesday unanimously approved ending the city’s agreement with the company undertaking the controversial aerial surveillance program. In April 2020, … Continue reading
D.P.R.: When emails are searched, a taint team isn’t always required; a large amount may be seized for later search
Ex ante search restrictions are rare. The warrant process is concerned with what may be searched for and seized, not necessarily how, and a taint teams isn’t always required. The officers could seize a large number of emails and then … Continue reading
D.N.M.: M.R.E. 315 and 4A permit oral applications and search authorizations
M.R.E. 315 provides for search authorizations, and this one wasn’t an anticipatory warrant with conditions. Oral applications and authorizations are constitutionally proper per United States v. Brown, 784 F.2d 1033, 1036 (10th Cir. 1986). An Air Force regulation on the … Continue reading
CA3: No RS; def’s actions were innocuous individually and on the totality; reversed
Defendant’s actions that the district court held were reasonable suspicion were innocuous on the totality, and the CI was not corroborated. The motion to suppress should have been granted. United States v. Bullock, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 2499 (3d Cir. … Continue reading
D.Idaho: Def’s PC challenge was really a Franks challenge and should be viewed like one
Defendant sought to challenge his search warrant as a lack of probable cause but couched it in terms that sounded like Franks. He needs to make this clear so the government can appropriately respond. United States v. McComas, 2021 U.S. … Continue reading
VICE: How New York Quietly Ended Its Street Drug War
VICE: How New York Quietly Ended Its Street Drug War by Max Daly (“New data analyzed by VICE News reveals a monumental drop in arrests and convictions for low level drug crime in NYC, as the city finally tries to … Continue reading
S.D.N.Y.: Opinion in affidavit that amount of drugs involved was enough for distribution was not a Franks issue
The affidavit for a phone warrant for an electronic boarding pass was issued with probable cause. The affidavit statement that the amount of drugs was enough for “distribution” was neither false nor reckless, just because defendant disagrees with it. United … Continue reading