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- CAAF: Information on computer stored in evidence room wasn’t stale
- CAAF: SW’s incorporated affidavit satisfied particularity, reliance on CA10 case not CAAF case was error
- CA10: Def’s BO suggesting heroin abuse added to RS
- WaPo: They confided in ChatGPT. Their secrets ended up in court.
- CA6: No interlocutory appeal of denial of motion to suppress
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Monthly Archives: June 2016
AZ: Serial SWs were justified by further developments in a serial murder investigation
Defendant was ultimately charged with 74 felonies, including nine murders. His house was subjected to three different search warrants, each specific to one or two crimes. It was reasonable for the police to get another warrant to go back after … Continue reading
CA8: Fleeing from a car during a traffic stop and leaving a backpack behind is objectively an abandonment
Fleeing from a car during a traffic stop and leaving a backpack behind is objectively an abandonment. The fact it’s a semi-private place isn’t determinative here. United States v. Nowak, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 10956 (8th Cir. June 17, 2016):
CA1: Seizure of a cell phone to get a SW was proper; frisk of jacket for weapon was, too
Officers suspected defendant of sex trafficking, and Detroit PD called the Portland ME PD to report he was there, likely with a young girl. He was known to them as a prior sex trafficker. They found him at a hotel … Continue reading
W.D.N.Y.: When def saw police at door, he stepped back, and that justified their coming in to arrest him on a warrant
Defendant’s arrest with a warrant inside his apartment was valid, and the constitution didn’t required he be pulled outside to arrest. He stepped back when he saw the officers and they came in and arrested him. A limited protective sweep … Continue reading
WA: FST is a seizure, but it is not a search under Fourth Amendment
Field sobriety test is a seizure, but it is not a search under Fourth Amendment or the more inclusive state constitution. State v. Mecham, 2016 Wash. LEXIS 695 (June 16, 2016):
TX1: Cell phone was abandoned on roof of abandoned getaway car
The getaway car for a robbery was left outside the scene when the occupants got out of the car to shoot but scattered after gunfire. Defendant’s cell phone was left on the roof of the car. This was an abandonment … Continue reading
OH9: Potential suicide call justified entry; “ironclad proof” not required
A call about a potential suicide was justification for police entry into the house. They don’t need “ironclad proof” that a suicide might happen, just a reasonable belief. State v. Linder, 2016-Ohio-3435, 2016 Ohio App. LEXIS 2291 (9th Dist. June … Continue reading
IA: Officer violated Rodriguez by shifting from speeding to drugs and asking for consent which was refused
Defendant was stopped for speeding and seemed nervous. The DL was suspended. A request for consent was made and rejected. The officer completed the paperwork for the traffic stop in six minutes but spent ten minutes attempting to elicit admissions … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: Citing wrong U.S.C. section doesn’t undermine PC if any crime is shown
Citation to the wrong U.S. Code section in a search warrant affidavit doesn’t undermine the probable cause if one can discern that some federal crime has occurred. The affidavit here described mass sale of cell phone apps in violation of … Continue reading
CA10: State court’s harmlessness determination was binding under Stone v. Powell
Defendant raised the legality of a search in the trial court, but not everything that was seized. The court of criminal appeals considered the remainder and found it harmless error. On habeas, defendant had a full and fair opportunity to … Continue reading
D.Kan.: Plain view doesn’t apply to a cell phone where the officers had to turn it on to make their view
Plain view doesn’t apply to a cell phone where the officers had to turn it on to make their view. United States v. Ramirez, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 190665 (D.Kan. March 26, 2013):
ID: A party doesn’t have to cite specific case law to preserve its Fourth Amendment argument if it otherwise says the right words
The state doesn’t have to cite specific case law to preserve its argument; just make the argument. Here, it was that defendant was stopped for wandering on the road and that produced no DL and that he was driving a … Continue reading
GAO: Face Recognition Technology: FBI Should Better Ensure Privacy and Accuracy
GAO: Face Recognition Technology: FBI Should Better Ensure Privacy and Accuracy:
MI: No RS required for administrative SW for rental unit inspections once every 3 years
“Appellant city challenges the district court’s denial of its application for an administrative search warrant to conduct a rental-housing inspection [where inspections are only done every three years], arguing that the district court erred in determining that individualized suspicion of … Continue reading
D.R.I.: Protective sweep of car justified by def being, inter alia, in a violent biker gang and having a 19 pg criminal history
Protective sweep of car was justified because defendant was a member of a violent biker gang, nervousness, 19-page criminal history, volunteering he hadn’t been drinking when not asked, among other things. United States v. Severns, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 76103 … Continue reading
Dashcam and bodycam undermine reasonable suspicion in two cases
These two make one wonder how many times officers have just fabricated reasonable suspicion and courts have bought it: The dashcam video supports the defendant’s argument that he was stopped without reasonable suspicion of driving with lights off when they … Continue reading
W.D.N.Y.: CI was a known regular and brought with the affidavit for SW; issuing magistrate could question
“Here, probable cause existed for the Niagara Falls City Court judge to issue the search warrant for Walnut Avenue. Law enforcement agents presented information through their affidavit that included the confidential informant’s reliability and the results of two controlled purchases. … Continue reading
VT: Video recording of def’s telephone conversation with defense counsel required suppression of breath test
Defendant was in the room with the breath testing machine, and his telephone conversation with his lawyer was recorded. Recording was accidental, but defendant correctly believed that it was. This requires suppression of the breath test because his consultation with … Continue reading
WaPo: ‘The Volokh Conspiracy’ Blog: Short Circuit: A roundup of recent federal court decisions
WaPo: ‘The Volokh Conspiracy’ Blog: Short Circuit: A roundup of recent federal court decisions by Eugene Volokh: Is ‘the rule of law’ just an empty phrase trotted out when convenient? Hardly, argues Evan Bernick of the Center for Judicial Engagement, … Continue reading