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- D.Utah: Minor time detours to writing up a traffic ticket didn’t unreasonable extend this stop; the dog was quickly on its way
- KY: Despite lack of nexus, SW sustained under GFE
- CO: DNA could be seized from trash
- CA8: Nebraska statute allowing SWs to cross state lines doesn’t violate 4A
- WA: Sweat patch as condition of release violated state constitution’s privacy provision
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Monthly Archives: August 2019
S.D.N.Y.: Seizure of 21 privileged documents out of 1.3M wasn’t a 4A or privilege violation
The government seized 1.3M documents, and 21 apparently were privileged. This doesn’t show that the government was willful disregarding the warrant or the need to protect privileged materials. His iPhone and laptop were properly seized by plain view then subjected … Continue reading
N.D.W.Va.: Warrantless entry to prevent destruction of evidence pending SW was reasonable
A warrantless protective sweep before obtaining a search warrant to prevent possible destruction of evidence was reasonable. A search warrant was later obtained [inevitable discovery]. United States v. Beazel, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 136901 (N.D. W.Va. Aug. 14, 2019).* The … Continue reading
CA2: Ordering ptf out of a city council meeting that had been disrupted wasn’t a 4A seizure
Making plaintiff leave a city council meeting that had been disrupted by her and others was not a Fourth Amendment seizure. Guiding her out wasn’t either. Youkhanna v. City of Sterling Heights, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 24165 (6th Cir. Aug. … Continue reading
CA11: Shooting a man with a gun was close enough to reasonable under the circumstances for QI
Officers get qualified immunity for shooting a mentally retarded man they knew of when he was wandering the highway and was reported flashing a handgun at people. When the police encountered him, he wouldn’t show his hands and kept one … Continue reading
M.D.Pa.: Lack of standing cuts off a Franks challenge
Defendant lacked standing in the place searched, so he’s denied a Franks hearing to challenge that omission from the affidavit for search warrant. “The only connection between Defendant and 10 H Hall Manor reflected in the Affidavit of Probable Cause … Continue reading
MN: Forced anoscopy under sedation was unreasonable under Winston
Strapping defendant down for a forced anoscopy under sedation in the presence of nonmedical personnel was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The court applied Winston v. Lee on forced surgery, noting that several courts have applied it to nonsurgical body … Continue reading
OH5: RS existed for traffic stop despite fact the sign wasn’t high enough under the traffic code
The officer had reasonable suspicion for defendant’s stop despite the fact the sign he ignored wasn’t the proper height under the motor vehicle code. State v. Norman, 2019-Ohio-3242, 2019 Ohio App. LEXIS 3331 (5th Dist. Aug. 12, 2019).* Reasonable suspicion … Continue reading
D.Neb.: No REP in items hidden in bushes
“Defendant has not met his burden to establish a reasonable expectation of privacy in the items seized from the bush or on the ground at the apartment complex. Police seized items from public areas of an apartment complex, not from … Continue reading
D.D.C.: Def tossed gun as encounter started and that was abandonment, but the court has questions about the encounter
The DC Gun Recovery Unit encountered a person on the street and talked to him, but by the time a more intensive encounter occurred, something that troubled the court, defendant had tossed the gun. United States v. Meekins, 2019 U.S. … Continue reading
W.D.Mich.: Smell of MJ in a MMJ state may still provide PC for search; defendant has to have documentation justifying possession
The smell of marijuana coming from a car in a MMJ state can still provide probable cause. The occupants have to produce proof of compliance with the law, and then they might be immune from arrest. United States v. Trevino, … Continue reading
S.D.Ohio: Officer’s claimed exigency expired during the delay waiting for an ambulance; warrantless entry invalid
Two defendants had standing in a camper. The officers’ warrantless entry into it was without exigency because the exigency, if it existed, passed. It was based on a suspected overdose, but the officer admitted he had only a couple of … Continue reading
CA8 (en banc): Takedown of non-violent misdemeanant walking away was subject to QI
Defendant officer’s takedown of a misdemeanant who was walking away from him wasn’t clearly established and he gets qualified immunity. Kelsay v. Ernst, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 24059 (8th Cir. Aug. 13, 2019) (en banc; 4 dissents)*:
TX3: Finding drugs on the driver is PC to search the car
Finding drugs on the person during a lawful stop and search of the person provides probable cause to search the car. State v. Pena, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 7015 (Tex. App. – Austin Aug. 13, 2019). The search warrant legitimately … Continue reading
Slate: Greyhound Says It’s Keeping Drivers Safe by Allowing CBP Searches. The Drivers Disagree.
Slate: Greyhound Says It’s Keeping Drivers Safe by Allowing CBP Searches. The Drivers Disagree. by Jeremy Stahl: They’re calling out the company for claiming the policy is about drivers’ “safety.”
D.Mass.: GFE applies to scope of search under SW where place to be searched was two floors, not one
The issue here is whether the search warrant was overbroad because it turned out that the place to be searched was really two floors not one, but it wasn’t obvious from the outside. “The Court need not resolve this complex … Continue reading
Forbes: Surveillance Technology And Cultural Notions Of Privacy
Forbes: Surveillance Technology And Cultural Notions Of Privacy by Julian Vigo:
Bloomberg: Facebook Paid Contractors to Transcribe Users’ Audio Chats
Bloomberg: Facebook Paid Contractors to Transcribe Users’ Audio Chats by Sara Frier: Facebook Inc. has been paying hundreds of outside contractors to transcribe clips of audio from users of its services, according to people with knowledge of the work.
CNS: Facial Software Test Falsely Flags 26 California Lawmakers
Courthouse News Service: Facial Software Test Falsely Flags 26 California Lawmakers by Matthew Renda: When the American Civil Liberties Union used facial recognition software to cross-check 120 California legislators against a database of 25,000 publicly available mugshots, the algorithm falsely … Continue reading
The Crime Report: A Mixed Assessment of Police Body Cameras
The Crime Report: A Mixed Assessment of Police Body Cameras: Studies show the body camera revolution hasn’t curbed police shootings of unarmed Americans, nor has it led to more prosecutions of police officers for misconduct. Yet the cameras have had … Continue reading
The Appeal: Chicago Police Pointed Guns At And Traumatized Children in Botched Raids, Lawsuits Allege
The Appeal: Chicago Police Pointed Guns At And Traumatized Children in Botched Raids, Lawsuits Allege by Lauren Gill: Children as young as 4 years old are suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result, the complaints say.