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- D.Utah: Minor time detours to writing up a traffic ticket didn’t unreasonable extend this stop; the dog was quickly on its way
- KY: Despite lack of nexus, SW sustained under GFE
- CO: DNA could be seized from trash
- CA8: Nebraska statute allowing SWs to cross state lines doesn’t violate 4A
- WA: Sweat patch as condition of release violated state constitution’s privacy provision
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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General (many free):
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Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Monthly Archives: October 2018
ME: First blood draw was potentially contaminated, so second was valid under exigent circumstances
The state showed by a preponderance of the evidence that there were exigent circumstances for a warrantless blood draw. Natural dissipation of alcohol alone is not an exigency under McNealy. The first blood draw was potentially contaminated, so a second … Continue reading
CA9: Playpen warrant violated Rule 41(b)(1), but GFE still saved it
A Network Investigative Technique (NIT) warrant (“Playpen” warrant) issued by a magistrate judge in the Eastern District of Virginia exceeded the general territorial scope identified in Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(b)(1) and was thus void ab initio because it authorized … Continue reading
AP: Some police dogs now have cameras, too
AP: Some police dogs now have cameras, too by Carrie Antlfinger: The devices generally attach to dogs’ backs on a vest and transmit video to a handler watching from a screen, possibly on their wrist or around their necks. It’s … Continue reading
WaPo: Amazon met with ICE officials over facial-recognition system that could identify immigrants
WaPo: Amazon met with ICE officials over facial-recognition system that could identify immigrants by Drew Harwell: Amazon.com pitched its facial-recognition system in the summer to Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials as a way for the agency to target or identify … Continue reading
TN: Police get a call about a passed out parked car driver, but when they get there he’s out of the car; under community caretaking function they can still inquire what’s going on
Police received a call from a liquor store operator that a man was passed out in a car behind the store. When they got there, the man was getting in the car. The community caretaking function still applied because of … Continue reading
TX14: Two prior searches for blood constitutionally or statutorily didn’t need to be mentioned in affidavit for third
Defendant was in a car wreck that killed another at 1 am, New Years Day 2014. There were three blood draws: one for medical purposes at the hospital, one directed by the police at the hospital, and one after a … Continue reading
CA7 also affirms Playpen warrant on PC and GFE
As with every other circuit, the Seventh Circuit affirms a Playpen warrant on probable cause and good faith exception. United States v. Kienast, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 29887 (7th Cir. Oct. 23, 2018).* Probable cause for the search warrant for … Continue reading
S.D.N.Y.: PCR claim that officer lied about CI eight years earlier wasn’t actual innocence claim
Defendant’s 2018 post-conviction claim that the officer lied about the existence of a CI in 2010 wasn’t cognizable now because he doesn’t claim actual innocence. Edmonson v. United States, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 181045 (S.D. N.Y. Oct. 19, 2018):
MA: Justification for no-knock shown by risk of destruction of evidence because def’s apartment on 3d floor with locked outside door
A no-knock entry to prevent destruction of evidence was justified by the fact defendant’s apartment was on the third floor and police had to navigate a locked first floor door before they got to his apartment. Commonwealth v. Silva, 2018 … Continue reading
NYC Civilian Complaint Review Board: Right to Know Act
NYC Civilian Complaint Review Board: Right to Know Act: Right to Know Act overview The Right to Know Act, in effect as of October 19, 2018, is made up of two components. The first outlines New York City Police Department … Continue reading
W.D.Va.: Def counsel’s decision not to pursue a motion to suppress was reasonable and designed to prevent superseding indictment with higher MM
Defense counsel’s decision not to pursue a motion to suppress was reasonable under the circumstances. Defendant was already facing a 60 month minimum. The government made clear that they had additional counts they could bring but wouldn’t if the defense … Continue reading
N.D.Ind.: Mixed motive for traffic stop isn’t 4A violation as long as there is objective basis for RS
Defendant’s argument that the police must show only that they had a motive to investigate a traffic offense and not any criminal offenses that they already know about is foreclosed by Whren. A mixed motive is not unconstitutional. United States … Continue reading
W.D.Wash.: Govt showed cause to deny return of property until 2255 was over in case of retrial
Motion for return of cell phones is denied. The government intends to keep them pending the outcome of defendant’s 2255 or the running of the statute of limitations, which ever occurs first. That’s sufficient need to deny the motion. United … Continue reading
NJ: Officer had RS def was armed; refusal of patdown justified exigent strip search at station house
The officer had reasonable suspicion that defendant was armed, and he attempted to perform a frisk, which defendant refused. This led to a warrantless strip search which was justified by the Fourth Amendment exigency exception and by state statute and … Continue reading
S.D.Tex.: Immigration stop 56 miles from border was without RS
Defendant’s immigration stop 56 miles from the border was without reasonable suspicion under Brignoni-Ponce. He was alone and stopped and checked his phone and pulled into a car wash. Defendant’s actions were more consistent with innocence than criminal conduct. United … Continue reading
CA6: Seizure of cell phone under SW had to be within time prescribed but the actual off-site search can be later
The seizure of the cell phone was within the time prescribed in the search warrant, but the actual search of the phone didn’t occur until after the time prescribed. This did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Off-site analysis was expected … Continue reading
NYTimes: Three Florida Police Officers Are Sent to Prison for False Arrests
NYTimes: Three Florida Police Officers Are Sent to Prison for False Arrests by Christina Caron: Three former Florida police officers were sentenced to prison this week for conspiring to falsely arrest people to improve the department’s crime statistics – at … Continue reading
E.D.Tex.: Def had no REP in a stolen travel trailer
Defendant had no expectation of privacy in a stolen travel trailer that was found and searched that wasn’t his. United States v. Deckert, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 178036 (E.D. Tex. Oct. 10, 2018), adopted, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 178038 (E.D. … Continue reading