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- W.D.Tex.: What is the duty of the neutral and detached magistrate?
- D.Me.: Yes, more investigation could have been done, but there’s still PC on what there was
- CA3: Brady doesn’t apply to SW materials
- E.D.Mich.: Person a cell phone was given to as gift could consent to search
- CAAF: Information on computer stored in evidence room wasn’t stale
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Monthly Archives: November 2015
NY2: When def was removed from apartment building without gun he carried in, reentry to retrieve it was unreasonable
Officer saw defendant in the middle of the street talking irately on his cell phone. They approached and he ran. When he was running, they could see a gun in his belt. They followed to his apartment. The ESU was … Continue reading
DC: Warrantless anal cavity search in courthouse cellblock not shown to be reasonable
The government failed to carry its burden that the anal cavity search of defendant in a courthouse cellblock was reasonable without the use of medical personnel. They may not always be required, but they may be, and what case law … Continue reading
GA: Overlong stop was reasonable here because officer was dealing with two cars
Defendant was not seized, although the stop was long. There was another driver in another car also being dealt with, and the officer had to get another to the scene. Defendant was never told he was under arrest, nor was … Continue reading
OH4: Defendant didn’t have standing to challenge pole camera surveillance of friend’s house
Defense counsel was not ineffective for not raising a technical challenge that, at the time, was meritless but the law later changed. The exclusionary rule wouldn’t apply. He also lacked standing to challenge pole camera surveillance of somebody else’s house. … Continue reading
OR: Stop was with RS, but it dissipated with consent search that came up empty
Defendant might have been stopped with reasonable suspicion, but it dissipated. Defendant had scabs on his arm from IV drug use. Defendant even consented to a search of his car that turned up nothing. At that point, defendant should have … Continue reading
D.D.C.: Even systematic statutory violation wouldn’t require suppression without constitutional violation
The government at worst violated a statute in gathering information used to get access to defendant’s computer, and the court finds that a statutory violation is not sufficient for suppression. Also, a motion to reconsider denial of a motion to … Continue reading
In Missouri, if a motel operator wants you out, the police can enter and search your room
Police went to a motel to tell the operator that a person in room 114 was associated with a guy arrested in a stolen car just leaving the motel property. The motel operator gave a key to the room to … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: SW for pain management clinic permitted search of office manager’s purse because some smaller objects of search might be there
The search here was for a pain management clinic, and defendant was the officer manager, and her purse was searched under the warrant. “At the time of the search, agents were aware that Rosso was the office manager of the … Continue reading
techdirt: DOJ Says Body Camera-Wearing Cops Aren’t Allowed To Partner Up With Federal Agencies
techdirt: DOJ Says Body Camera-Wearing Cops Aren’t Allowed To Partner Up With Federal Agencies by Tim Cushing: As we’ve covered before, the DOJ supports the idea of body cameras for local law enforcement agencies. It has set aside over $20 … Continue reading
The Hill: FAA readies drone registration rules
The Hill: FAA readies drone registration rules by Keith Laing: The task force that was set up by the Federal Aviation Administration to develop a system for drone users to register with the federal government is expected to release its … Continue reading
USA Today: Police used apparently illegal wiretaps to make hundreds of arrests
USA Today: Police used apparently illegal wiretaps to make hundreds of arrests by Brad Heath and Brett Kelman: RIVERSIDE, Calif. — Prosecutors in the Los Angeles suburb responsible for a huge share of the nation’s wiretaps almost certainly violated federal … Continue reading
Verge: Illinois court sets new rules for cops using Stingrays
Verge: Illinois court sets new rules for cops using Stingrays by Ashley Carman: A recent court ruling just made it harder for police to track down your cell phone. An Illinois district court judge issued new requirements earlier this month … Continue reading
D.Minn.: Omission of specific dates in affidavit not fatal where whole showed ongoing drug operation
Omission of specific dates was a technical error where the affidavit as a whole showed an ongoing drug operation out of defendant’s house. Therefore, the good faith exception applies. United States v. Williams, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 154267 (D.Minn. Nov. … Continue reading
W.D.N.Y.: Asbestos inspector’s entry under state Dept. Labor rule governed by Krull good faith; subsequent warrant not tainted in any event
Defendant was charged with violations of the Clean Air Act for removing asbestos from a construction site without notice to the government. A NYS Dept. of Labor inspector entered the gated property without consent when temporary workers were there because … Continue reading
NY Co. Ct.: Prison inmate pat frisk that includes touching genitals not unreasonable
A pat frisk of a prison inmate that often includes touching the genitals is not unreasonable because of the loss of liberty that comes with incarceration. There is no equal protection claim just because prison visitors don’t go through the … Continue reading
NJLJ: Lawyer Couple Gets $1.15M Settlement in Suit Against Police
NJLJ: Lawyer Couple Gets $1.15M Settlement in Suit Against Police: The town of Westfield has agreed to pay $1.15 million to settle a federal civil rights suit by a Lowenstein Sandler attorney and his wife, also an attorney, who claimed … Continue reading
CA4: USMJ had correct attachment emailed but wrong one was presented and signed; technical violation, not a constitutional one; no suppression
The government emailed the issuing magistrate the correct attachments, but brought the wrong attachments to the court for signature. The magistrate had the correct ones on her desk, but signed the wrong one when it was handed to her. This … Continue reading
NY4: Warrantless probation search condition based on “alcohol/drug abuse” wasn’t supported by the record
A warrantless probation search condition based on “alcohol/drug abuse” wasn’t supported by the record, and it is struck on appeal. People v. Mead, 2015 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 8395, 2015 NY Slip Op 08304 (4th Dept. Nov. 13, 2015). Alleged … Continue reading