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- W.D.Ark.: Parole search waiver moots lack of PC argument
- AR: RS shown for boating while intoxicated stop
- W.D.Mo.: Wrong address in SW wasn’t fatal where right house was searched
- NY: Failure to show independent source for officer’s observation of def required reversal
- VA: Outline of a gun in def’s pocket was RS
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2017); ABA Journal Blawg 100 (2015-16) (discontinued 2018)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com / The Book
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-24,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 425,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 45,000 posts since 2003 (26,730+ on WordPress as of 12/31/23) -
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Fourth Amendment cases,
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--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) -
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“You know, most men would get discouraged by now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men!”
---Pepé Le Pew "The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
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Monthly Archives: February 2018
GA: No IAC for not challenging nonprejudicial typo in the SW affidavit
Defense counsel wasn’t ineffective for not filing a motion to suppress the search warrant for defendant’s cell phones for a typographical error on the date of the alleged offense in the application for the warrant. The affidavit was clear what … Continue reading
Reason: City Orders Businesses to Join Its Police Surveillance System
Reason: City Orders Businesses to Join Its Police Surveillance System by Scott Shackford: Saginaw demands that establishments install video cameras and turn over footage.
Gizmodo: Man Sues Feds After Finding Spy Camera on His Property and Refusing to Give It Back
Gizmodo: Man Sues Feds After Finding Spy Camera on His Property and Refusing to Give It Back by Sidney Fussell:
MA: Officer could follow def into open garage during active drug trafficking investigation
“A Superior Court judge properly denied a criminal defendant’s pretrial motion to suppress evidence discovered following a police officer’s warrantless entry into an open garage through which the officer followed the defendant after observing him standing inside it during a … Continue reading
PA: Powering on a cell phone was the first of three warrantless searches in violation of Riley
Powering on a cell phone to see the screen was the first of three warrantless searches of defendant’s cell phone, all of which violated the Fourth Amendment. They were not harmless, so reversed. Commonwealth v. Fulton, 2018 Pa. LEXIS 982 … Continue reading
NPR: ACLU Sues Milwaukee Over Alleged Racial Profiling
NPR: ACLU Sues Milwaukee Over Alleged Racial Profiling by Latoya Dennis: The ACLU says Milwaukee police have made tens of thousands of traffic and pedestrian stops without cause because of racial profiling.
The Daily Report/Law.com: ACLU Release Research on Arrest Warrants for Private Debt
The Daily Report/Law.com: ACLU Release Research on Arrest Warrants for Private Debt
TN: Officer’s recollection refreshed was credited by trial court and followed on appeal
The trooper who stopped defendant had no independent recollection of defendant’s stop, but looking at the video and reading the reports was past recollection refreshed, and the officer’s testimony was then credited by the trial court. The stop was found … Continue reading
CA9: Officer could enter door of screened in porch to knock on house door with package and anticipatory warrant
An officer with a package and an anticipatory search warrant did not violate the curtilage by entering through defendant’s screen door to approach the front door when he could see that there were other packages on a table by the … Continue reading
W.D.Pa.: SW for premises for “other evidence of distribution” of drugs permitted search of def’s pockets
The search warrant was for “drugs, drug paraphernalia, owe sheets, cell phones, firearms, stolen merchandise, or other evidence of distribution of a controlled substance.” That permits a search of defendant’s pockets, and the cash found there was subject to potential … Continue reading
W.D.La.: Giving officers the benefit of their training and experience there was RS for continuing the stop
“‘Courts must allow law enforcement “officers to draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to them that might well elude an untrained person.”’ Estrada, 459 F.3d at 632 … Continue reading
D.Nev.: Motorcycle gang’s jacket and other vague things wasn’t RS; a Terry frisk requires separate justification from a Terry stop
A Terry stop doesn’t automatically include the ability to conduct a frisk because they have separate justifications. Here, defendant was wearing a motorcycle gang jacket, but nothing else came close to providing reasonable suspicion, and the motion to suppress is … Continue reading
WI: Def’s confession alone wasn’t enough to turn voluntary questioning into detention
Defendant argued that his confession to murder transformed his status from a voluntary appearer at the police station to a person in custody. No; it’s but a factor in custody. “We therefore conclude that although an admission of guilt to … Continue reading
Vice: Neil Gorsuch is shaping up to be an unlikely defender of your privacy
Vice: Neil Gorsuch is shaping up to be an unlikely defender of your privacy by Carter Sherman & Isabella McKinley Corbo. We’ll see.
Newsweek: Police Who Help ICE Detain Undocumented Immigrants Could Be ‘Violating Fourth Amendment,’ Experts Say
Newsweek: Police Who Help ICE Detain Undocumented Immigrants Could Be ‘Violating Fourth Amendment,’ Experts Say by Chantal Da Silva: When Wilson Rodriguez Macarreno called 911 after hearing an intruder outside his family home, the last thing he expected was that … Continue reading
Lawfare: A Way Forward on Section 702 Queries
Lawfare: A Way Forward on Section 702 Queries by Elizabeth Goitein & Robert Litt:
S.D.W.Va.: SW for apartment five days after car was found nearby with PC inside it wasn’t stale
Defendant stopped at a DUI checkpoint, officers could see marijuana through the window, and then defendant fled the checkpoint. Officers gave chase. They found the car at an apartment complex, seemingly abandoned, parked with the door open and engine running. … Continue reading
C.D.Ill.: Exclusionary rule does not apply to revocation of supervised release
The exclusionary rule does not apply to revocation of supervised release. United States v. Phillips, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25603 (C.D. Ill. Feb. 16, 2018). Defendant’s 2255 Fourth Amendment IAC claim wasn’t timely: “Petitioner’s motion to vacate was not filed … Continue reading
D.D.C.: Messages through Airbnb’s website and app are governed by ECPA
A search warrant under ECPA to Airbnb was granted. Through its website and app, Airbnb allows messaging, and that makes it subject to ECPA. The government needs to determine which part of this can be unsealed to not compromise an … Continue reading
D.S.D.: Inevitable discovery cures a Rodriguez violation
While extending the stop violated Rodriguez, inevitable discovery applies and the evidence is not suppressed. United States v. Conteh, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25542 (D. S.D. Feb. 16, 2018):