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also, firm website Top 90 Criminal Law Blogs 2026 -
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Qualified immunity
SCOTUS: Not clearly established deadly force could not be used on suspect fleeing at high speed who threatened to shoot officers; Sotomayor: “By sanctioning a ‘shoot first, think later’ approach to policing, the Court renders the protections of the Fourth Amendment hollow.”
It was not clearly established at the time (2010) that deadly force could not be used on a suspect fleeing in a car at 85-100 mph who threatened to shoot police officers. Thus, the separate Fourth Amendment question doesn’t matter … Continue reading
CA6: Officers’ civil assist ended up in stating a claim in the retaking of a car
Officers were on a civil assist in aiding repossession of a car that was involved in a family dispute going back and forth for a couple of years. “Viewing the record in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, we agree … Continue reading
CA10: Even if SW was overbroad, it was approved by DA before issuing magistrate got it, and they could reasonably rely on it
Even if a search warrant was overbroad in describing items to be seized with the requisite particularity, police officers were improperly denied qualified immunity since the warrant was approved by a district attorney and issued by a detached and neutral … Continue reading
CA5: Suppression of evidence in state court does not per se raise a basis for a claim in federal court on whether the officers violated clearly established rights
Suppression of evidence in state court does not per se raise a basis for a claim in federal court on whether the officers violated clearly established rights, particularly when the suppression hearing transcript wasn’t provided to the federal court. Cleveland … Continue reading
Two on qualified immunity
Officers arrived at the scene of a shooting and immediately called for EMS, and called twice more before they finally arrived. Plaintiffs’ quarrel was that they weren’t more emphatic about the degree of injury. “A reasonable officer in Piotrowski’s or … Continue reading
E.D.Tex.: Gunshots inside a house, screaming, and blood outside was exigent circumstances
Gunshots inside a house, screaming, and blood outside was exigent circumstances. [Yet it was argued it wasn’t. Hey, sometimes we have to.] United States v. Vanhorn, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 127261 (E.D.Tex. September 21, 2015). A doctor was denied qualified … Continue reading
CA5: School’s coercively obtaining social media password was protected by QI because it wasn’t firmly established at the time
A teacher and school officials coercively obtained plaintiff’s social media password because of alleged threatening messages. As First and Fourth Amendment rights, this right was not firmly established at the time, and defendants thus had no firm notice that their … Continue reading
CA11: Reaching into a house to effect a Terry stop without exigent circumstances violates the Fourth Amendment; but qualified immunity here
Reaching into a house to effect a Terry stop without exigent circumstances violates the Fourth Amendment. “Dorothy may have said it best when she said, ‘There is no place like home.’ Though we are pretty sure that she was not … Continue reading
CA8: Qualified immunity because it was not clearly established in 2009 use of a Taser was unreasonable
It was not clearly established in 2009 that use of a Taser was unreasonable so the officers get qualified immunity. Here, it happened in jail when plaintiff refused to change into a jail uniform. Hollingsworth v. City of St. Ann, … Continue reading
OR: It’s the state’s burden to argue any exceptions to the warrant requirement
It’s the state’s burden to argue any exceptions to the warrant requirement. State v. Maciel-Figueroa, 273 Ore. App. 298, 356 P.3d 674 (2015) (under submission 2½ years), aff’d, State v. Maciel-Figueroa, 361 Ore. 163, 2017 Ore. LEXIS 166 (March 2, … Continue reading
CA9: Settled by 1984 that Brady applied to police; qualified immunity denied
Not a search and seizure case, but we need to know it: It was established in 1984 at the time of one plaintiff’s conviction and 1991 of the other plaintiff that police had a duty to provide exculpatory evidence to … Continue reading
CA7: Witness ID’s enough for arrest thus barring § 1983 case
Four witnesses ID’d defendant for a crime. The fact that the charges were later dropped didn’t form a basis for a § 1983 case. There was probable cause and no reasonable jury would conclude otherwise and that’s qualified immunity. Hart … Continue reading
CA9: Arrest of public defender summoned to court had no qualified immunity
A court security officer’s arrest of plaintiff public defender who was sent to get her to court had no qualified immunity for arresting her just because she sarcastically said “[i]f you want me to come right now, you’ll have to … Continue reading
DC: Because the circuit hasn’t ruled on the standard for seizure of a child from the home, officials get qualified immunity
The circuits are split on whether a Fourth Amendment seizure of children from the home requires reasonable suspicion or probable cause. Moreover, what is an exigency is not consistent among the circuits. The point is that this circuit has not … Continue reading
W.D.Mo.: Riley doesn’t apply retroactively on post-conviction review
Riley does not apply retroactively on post-conviction. Defendant pled guilty without raising a cell phone search question, and text message pictures showed him having sex with a minor who was in his car when it was stopped. Stringer v. United … Continue reading
Two on emergency: DV call and multiple erratic 911 calls threatening to use a gun
A domestic violence call from an hysterical woman at a hotel room justified a warrantless entry into the room when the police could finally locate her room. Commonwealth v. Caple, 2015 PA Super 159, 2015 Pa. Super. LEXIS 425 (July … Continue reading
CA10: Not clearly established that confiscating weapons from a potential suicide even after he was removed to the hospital was unreasonable
It was not clearly established that confiscating weapons from a potential suicide even after he was removed to the hospital was unreasonable in 2010. Arden v. McIntosh, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 12725 (10th Cir. July 23, 2015):
Just Security: Are Cross-Border Shootings Heading to the Supreme Court?
Just Security: Are Cross-Border Shootings Heading to the Supreme Court? by Steve Vladeck: Two weeks ago, I wrote about an important new decision by the US District Court for the District of Arizona, holding that the Fourth Amendment does apply … Continue reading