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- E.D.Okla.: Housing authority’s warning of a pest inspection permitted under lease agreement amounts to no REP
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- Law360: Open Questions In Unsettled Geofence Warrant Landscape
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2017); ABA Journal Blawg 100 (2015-16) (discontinued 2018)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com / The Book
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-24,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 425,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 45,000 posts since 2003 (27,400+ on WordPress as of 7/23/24) -
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Fourth Amendment cases,
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) -
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“You know, most men would get discouraged by now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men!”
---Pepé Le Pew "The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
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Category Archives: Curtilage
S.D.Ohio: City’s mowing unkempt yard wasn’t 4A violatoin
The city’s coming on to a sovereign citizen’s yard to mow it when he refused did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Prows v. City of Oxford, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177976 (S.D. Ohio Sep. 30, 2024).* Defendant’s motion for return … Continue reading
CO: Second entry after seeing a dead dog in def’s yard was without exigency and suppressed
The officer’s first approach to defendant’s door was a knock-and-talk, and he could see a dead dog which he checked on and confirmed. The trip to the front door was not to gather information en route. The warrantless entry coming … Continue reading
W.D.Wash.: Warrantless arrest in def’s doorway violated 4A
Defendant’s warrantless arrest in his doorway violated the Fourth Amendment. After objecting, defendant acceded to their demands when they pulled a Taser on him. The remedy of what to do with his statement will be addressed later. United States v. … Continue reading
Legal Aid Society: Backyard Privacy in the Age of Drones
EFF: Backyard Privacy in the Age of Drones by Hannah Zhao (“This article was originally published by The Legal Aid Society’s Decrypting a Defense Newsletter on August 5, 2024 and is reprinted here with permission.”):
CA9: Failure to raise a clearly winning 4A curtilage argument was IAC
Defense counsel was ineffective for not raising a winning Fourth Amendment curtilage argument. As to the co-defendant, however, he lacks standing, so no IAC as to him. United States v. Chong, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 20467 (9th Cir. Aug. 14, … Continue reading
MT: No REP from look in apt window from common area of apt complex; not his curtilage
Officers did not violate defendant’s reasonable expectation of privacy by looking in the window of his apartment from a common area in his apartment complex. It was not his curtilage. City of Whitefish v. Zumwalt, 2024 MT 153, 2024 Mont. … Continue reading
E.D.La.: Fire dept. can compel fingerprinting of its firefighters
A fire department can compel production of fingerprints for timekeeping purposes from its firefighters under threat of termination. There is no reasonable expectation of privacy in fingerprints. Perre v. E. Bank Consol. Special Serv. Fire Prot., 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS … Continue reading
N.D.Iowa: Dog sniff at apt door from common hallway was reasonable even if hallway was locked to outsiders
A dog sniff at an apartment door from a common hallway was reasonable, even if the hallway also had a locked door. “Following the reasoning in Penaloza-Romero and Peck, and applying the Dunn factors, I find that the area around … Continue reading
NJ: Entry into garage to make a DUI arrest violated 4A and state const.
Defendant was convicted of DUI. Acting on a tip of erratic driving by a particular LPN, the officer went into her garage and entered it to investigate and then make the arrest. There were no exigent circumstances like a medical … Continue reading
MT: Entry onto def’s rural land past “Posted” and “No Trespassing” signs to issue a traffic citation was unreasonable
Entry onto defendant’s rural land past “Posted” and “No Trespassing” signs to issue a traffic citation was unreasonable. Montanans have a heightened expectation of privacy in their posted rural lands. State v. Lanchantin, 2024 MT 129 (June 18, 2024). Defendant’s … Continue reading
MN: Warrantless DNA swabbing of apt door violated curtilage
The warrantless DNA swabbing of defendant’s apartment door was within the curtilage because it required physical contact, which is different than a dog sniff. “Although members of the public and law-enforcement officers generally have an implied license to approach a … Continue reading
D.Mont.: Dropbox conducted a private search finding CP
Dropbox found child porn in defendant’s account, and it reported to NCMEC. Dropbox conducted a private search. United States v. Balog, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90179 (D. Mont. May 20, 2024).* “Defendant argues that the search of his vehicle was … Continue reading
D.Minn.: Ion scan of apartment doorknob and lock did not violate curtilage
State officers conducted an ion scan of defendant’s apartment doorknob and lock which was legal under state law. This violated no reasonable expectation of privacy because the doorknob in an apartment hallway is not part of the curtilage. United States … Continue reading
M.D.Ala.: The validity of the appointment of a special judge for 180 days does not matter under the good faith exception
A specially appointed circuit judge for 180 days signed a search warrant during his tenure. The legality of the appointment doesn’t matter because the good faith exception applies to execution of the warrant. United States v. Broaden, 2024 U.S. Dist. … Continue reading
OH2: Police responding to report of shot dog who heard an animal had exigency to enter the curtilage
“Based upon the evidence presented, we conclude the trial court did not err in denying the motion to suppress. The search of the home and surrounding premises was reasonable because the officers believed an injured animal was on the premises … Continue reading
FL5: Use of flashlight to look in screened-in porch was unreasonable violation of curtilage
Officers came to defendant’s home which was next door to a murder crime scene. They were looking for potential witnesses. They knocked on the screened-in porch door and got no answer. It was dark inside. The screened-in porch was a … Continue reading
AK: Police aerial flyover with telephoto lens of rural property violates state right of privacy
Under the Alaska Constitution, an aerial flyover with a telephoto lens of rural property in a “sparsely populated area” in the woods north of Fairbanks produced evidence of a grow operation. In a long (and sensitive opinion), the Alaska Supreme … Continue reading
CA10: SW for house included detached garage next to it without even mentioning it
The search warrant for defendant’s house included the detached garage on the curtilage without having to mention it. United States v. Ronquillo, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 5489 (10th Cir. Mar. 7, 2024). “And the Department of Homeland Security officers did … Continue reading