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- NY4: Payton does not apply to an arrest in a common area of an apartment building
- FL5: State failed to show justification for delay for dog sniff
- TechCrunch: US accuses American of allegedly wiping his phone using a ‘duress’ password during border search
- MI: Possession of MJ that’s only a civil infraction doesn’t justify search of car under automobile exception
- NY1: 911 call about shooting in apartment building led officers to def’s apartment and exigency justified entry
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Computer and cloud searches
Reason: Internet Preservation and the Fourth Amendment—Case Updates, Part I
Reason, The Volokh Conspiracy: Internet Preservation and the Fourth Amendment—Case Updates, Part I by Orin S. Kerr (“The first of two rulings, and why I find it unpersuasive.”):
W.D.Ky.: Delayed search of a computer was not unreasonable under either 4A or Rule 41(e)(2)(B)
The delayed search of defendant’s computer was not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment or Rule 41(e)(2)(B) because it wasn’t practical to do so at the scene. United States v. White, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 117526 (W.D. Ky. July 3, 2024).* … Continue reading
CA9: 4A claim of manufactured PC is a new form of Bivens claim and is barred
Plaintiff’s complaint against DHS that agents fabricated probable cause to have him prosecuted is a new form of claim Bivens will not recognize. Sheikh v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 16441 (9th Cir. July 5, 2024). … Continue reading
CT: Pretrial detainees still have no REP in jail calls
There is no constitutional distinction between pretrial detainees and convicts in a jail for the reasonable expectation of privacy in telephone calls on a jail line phone they knew was recorded. State v. Bember, 2024 Conn. LEXIS 153 (June 25, … Continue reading
E.D.N.Y.: iCloud SW was particular to time and offenses
“The Court finds both the iCloud and Midwood Lumber Warrants were sufficiently particularized and tethered to the Affidavits’ probable cause showings, thereby meeting the Fourth Amendment’s requirements.” … “[I]he iCloud Warrant identifies the property to be searched as “information associated … Continue reading
W.D.Ark.: 4A § 1983 case stayed under Younger for ptf to litigate in state court
“Here, Plaintiff seeks compensatory and punitive damages for his improper search, seizure, and entrapment claims. Plaintiff has not alleged he is prevented from bringing his ‘entrapment,” search and seizure claims in state court. Accordingly, it is appropriate, pursuant to the … Continue reading
CA8: SW including “electronic files” meant computer could be searched
A search warrant that included “electronic files” meant that a computer could be searched. United States v. Lukassen, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 13392 (8th Cir. June 4, 2024). Defendant didn’t show standing in the car he was driving, and it … Continue reading
WaPo: Google cuts part of team that vets police requests for user data
WaPo: +Google cuts part of team that vets police requests for user data by Gerrit De Vynck (“The tech giant gives reams of data to police. It has laid off part of the team that ensures those requests are legal. … Continue reading
D.Nev.: A website’s cookies linked def’s personal email address for nexus
In a criminal copyright case, cookies on website led to defendant’s business and personal email accounts, and that gave nexus to them for the warrant. “Under the totality of the circumstances, the Court finds that the search warrant reveals a … Continue reading
E.D.Mo.: PV warrant permitted entry to place where def reasonably suspected to reside
PV warrant permitted entry into suspected residence of violator. “However, the Eighth Circuit has made clear that, provided an administrative warrant is supported by reasonable cause, it carries the same implied limited authority to enter a dwelling to effectuate an … Continue reading
CA9: Asking detainee about parole status is reasonable
Asking a detainee about his parole status reasonably relates to officer safety and imposes a negligible burden on the detainee. United States v. Ramirez, 2024 U.S. App. LEXIS 9388 (9th Cir. Apr. 18, 2024). Defense counsel wasn’t ineffective for not … Continue reading
NPR: Google to delete search data of millions who used ‘incognito’ mode
NPR: Google to delete search data of millions who used ‘incognito’ mode by Bobby Allyn (“Google will destroy the private browsing history of millions of people who used ‘incognito’ mode in its Chrome browser as a part of a settlement … Continue reading
GFR: Feds Demand Identity Of YouTube Users Who Watched Certain Videos
Giant Freakin Robot: Feds Demand Identity Of YouTube Users Who Watched Certain Videos by April Ryder (“Federal authorities in the U.S. have ordered that Google hand over tens of thousands of names, addresses, phone numbers, and user activity information for … Continue reading
Keyboard search warrants and the Fourth Amendment
Commentary, Keyboard search warrants and the Fourth Amendment by John Villasenor, The Brookings Institute (Feb. 22, 2024):
OH8: Graham v. Connor reasonableness standard applied where police are charged with assault on civilians
Defendant was a Cleveland PD officer convicted of misdemeanor assault on a civilian by putting his hands around the throat of an arrestee. Even under the Garner standard for Fourth Amendment reasonableness, the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict. … Continue reading
E.D.N.C.: This iCloud SW not overbroad
The warrant for defendant’s iCloud account was not overbroad. Defendant essentially admitted that the information sought would be found there. United States v. Duncan, 2024 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11090 (E.D.N.C. Jan. 22, 2024).* Defendant was in a rental vehicle, but … Continue reading
Cal.5: Defective notice of Facebook warrant under CalECPA doesn’t require suppression
Defendant’s Facebook account was accessed by a search warrant issued under CalECPA. The notice provision was not complied with by the state, but the court declines to suppress here. The standard for suppression in CalECPA is the same as for … Continue reading
N-M: 94-day delay in getting cell phone SW was unreasonable; GFE not applicable
The search of defendant’s iPhones and iPads lacked probable cause at the time it happened. His wife had apparent authority to search because she knew the passcodes but that doesn’t equate to her apparent authority to seize them. Also, the … Continue reading
N.D.Cal.: Passwords are protected by the Stored Communications Act
In civil case for evidence production brought in San Francisco to aid litigation in Ontario, Canada. the court holds that account passwords are protected by the Stored Communications Act and there was no consent to disclosure. In re Path Network, … Continue reading