The Intercept: Amazon’s Ring Planned Neighborhood “Watch Lists” Built on Facial Recognition

The Intercept: Amazon’s Ring Planned Neighborhood “Watch Lists” Built on Facial Recognition by Sam Biddle (“Ring, Amazon’s crimefighting surveillance camera division, has crafted plans to use facial recognition software and its ever-expanding network of home security cameras to create AI-enabled neighborhood ‘watch lists,’ according to internal documents reviewed by The Intercept. The planning materials envision a seamless system whereby a Ring owner would be automatically alerted when an individual deemed ‘suspicious’ was captured in their camera’s frame, something described as a ‘suspicious activity prompt.’ It’s unclear who would have access to these neighborhood watch lists, if implemented, or how exactly they would be compiled, but the documents refer repeatedly to law enforcement, and Ring has forged partnerships with police departments throughout the U.S., raising the possibility that the lists could be used to aid local authorities.”)

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CA5: Use of deadly force against an armed, dangerous, and unpredicable man was subject to QI

Officers were entitled to qualified immunity because plaintiff could not establish that they used excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The evidence indicated that the use of force was justified under the circumstances. Because the officers thought they were confronting an unpredictable man armed with a dangerous weapon they had probable cause to conclude that he posed a serious threat of injury or death. Also, plaintiff’s version of events was definitively contradicted by video evidence, so the district court was not required to accept it. Firing on the decedent was not objectively unreasonable because the law did not require officers in a dangerous situation to wait until the moment a suspect used a deadly weapon to act to stop him. Garza v. Briones, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 35281 (5th Cir. Nov. 25, 2019).*

Defendant filed a motion for return of property, but the federal government doesn’t have possession—it was turned over to state authorities. So, the motion must be denied. United States v. Turner, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 204159 (S.D. Ill. Nov. 25, 2019).*

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D.D.C.: When serving SW in sex assault investigation where def was known to be a felon, a Glock speed loader in plain view permitted search for a gun

D.C. Metro police had a search warrant for evidence of a sexual assault. When they entered, they saw a Glock magazine speed loader. That caused them to search for a firearm because they knew defendant was a felon learning, that in the course of the investigation. They found a gun case with “Glock” on the cover. That strongly suggested the contents and authorized them to look inside. The defendant was later charged with FIPF. The seizure of the gun was valid. United States v. Fuentez, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203979 (D.D.C. Nov. 25, 2019).*

The trial court credited the state’s version of the facts that the consent was voluntary. That’s not clearly erroneous. State v. Hall, 2019 N.C. App. LEXIS 959 (Nov. 19, 2019).*

Defense counsel’s assertion that the defendant concurred in not moving to suppress his search because it would negatively affect plea negotiations is uncontradicted. It was a strategic call. Johnson v. United States, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 204208 (E.D. Tex. Oct. 19, 2019),* adopted, COA denied, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 202929 (E.D. Tex. Nov. 21, 2019).*

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OH11: Failure to provide an inventory after a search is ministerial and not a fundamental right

“Even presuming no inventory was completed or provided to Thompson, however, this did not result in prejudice or provide any grounds for relief. It has been held that ‘the preparation and return of an inventory is ministerial’ and ‘does not violate any fundamental rights’ of a defendant.” State v. Thompson, 2019-Ohio-4835, 2019 Ohio App. LEXIS 4881 (11th Dist. Nov. 25, 2019).

Defense counsel filed an Anders brief. “Douglas’ claim in his pro se supplemental brief that the drugs seized during his traffic stop should have been suppressed fails because the exclusionary rule does not apply in supervised release revocation proceedings.” United States v. Douglas, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 35199 (4th Cir. Nov. 25, 2019).*

Defendant didn’t show that the statements in the search warrant affidavit were recklessly or deliberately false, and, even if they were, “overwhelming” probable cause remained. State v. Marcellino, 2019-Ohio-4837, 2019 Ohio App. LEXIS 4882 (11th Cir. Nov. 25, 2019).*

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NYDN: NY prisoner in solitary for nearly 200 days over false positive on drug test: lawsuit

NYDN: NY prisoner in solitary for nearly 200 days over false positive on drug test: lawsuit by Stephen Rex Brown and Chelsie Rose Marcius (“The suit is part of a growing statewide scandal over an avalanche of false positives that have potentially impacted thousands of prisoners. A class action lawsuit was filed last week in Brooklyn Federal against Microgenics, the company that provided the drug tests to the state’s corrections department and trained correction officers on how to use them. But for Cortes, the drug company isn’t the only entity at fault — he believes New York state must also take some share of the blame.”)

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D.Del.: A protective sweep can be reasonable even with a consent entry

A protective sweep can be reasonable even with a consent entry if there is potential danger. United States v. Chalas-Felix, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203745 (D. Del. Nov. 25, 2019):
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D.N.M.: No 4A requirement police call for someone to retrieve car to avoid inventory

The inventory of defendant’s car was reasonable and followed policy. “The problem with Defendant’s argument is that he advanced no legal authority that the Fourth Amendment requires police to execute an arrest warrant on a suspect in a way that avoids impoundment and inventory. [¶] Next, to the extent that Defendant argues that the decision to tow the car was unreasonable because officers did not contact a third-person to take custody of it, this too is not required under the Fourth Amendment.” United States v. Vallejos, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203662 (D. N.M. Nov. 22, 2019).

“Regardless, even if Vado’s challenge to the search could properly be recast as claim of ineffective assistance, his theory that the search warrant was somehow defective is frivolous. Although Vado’s precise grievance is elusive, he appears to view the warrant as overbroad or to claim that the agents who searched his electronic devices exceeded the scope of the warrant. Vado does not explain coherently why either of these claims is factually so. On the contrary, this Court became privy to the warrant, the affidavit supporting it, and the agents’ conduct in executing it in the course of litigation over the separate suppression motion that Vado’s counsel made, directed to the agents’ interview of Vado the day of the search. The Court did not then perceive any legal lapse with respect to the warrant or its manner of execution.” Vado v. United States, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203611 (S.D. N.Y. Nov. 22, 2019).*

Posted in Ineffective assistance, Inventory | Comments Off on D.N.M.: No 4A requirement police call for someone to retrieve car to avoid inventory

MI: Seizing def’s home without reason to believe a wanted person was inside violated 4A

“The police officers violated the defendant’s constitutional right to be free from an unreasonable search and seizure when they exceeded the proper scope of a knock and talk by approaching and securing the defendant’s home without sufficient reason to believe that the subject of the arrest warrant was inside the home. … The evidence obtained during the search of the defendant’s home must be suppressed because the warrantless entry was the direct result of the Fourth Amendment violation, and in this case the benefit of deterring future police misconduct outweighs the cost of exclusion. …” Summarily reversed. People v. Towne, 2019 Mich. LEXIS 2152 (Nov. 22, 2019).

Defendant was charged with Hobbs Act robbery of a marijuana delivery truck in San Francisco. The search warrant for defendant’s Instagram account lacked any semblance of probable cause, and the good faith exception did not apply. The independent source and inevitable discovery doctrines also don’t apply. United States v. Johnson, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203515 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 22, 2019).*

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Law.com: Courts Are Getting Geofenced In by Location Data Quandaries

Law.com: Courts Are Getting Geofenced In by Location Data Quandaries by Frank Ready:
Geofencing is emerging as a popular tool among law enforcement agencies, but answering the legal questions it poses may yield serious investigative challenges.
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Reason: Massachusetts Police Test Out Robot Dogs. Is Dystopia on Its Way?

Reason: Massachusetts Police Test Out Robot Dogs. Is Dystopia on Its Way? by Scott Shackford
Don’t be afraid of the robopups, but make sure we leash law enforcement to keep officers from misusing them.
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California SCt overrules prior authority: search incident of car no longer reasonable for not having DL

California overrules prior case that a search incident of a car, here the driver’s purse, was permissible for identification documents when a driver says she didn’t have a driver’s license. Meth was found in the purse. California seems to be alone in this, and it’s unreasonable and overruled. People v. Lopez, 2019 Cal. LEXIS 8892 (Nov. 25, 2019) (4-3):
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Reason: Volokh Conspiracy: What is “individualized” suspicion?

Reason: Volokh Conspiracy: What is “individualized” suspicion? by Orin S. Kerr:
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N.D.Miss.: Uncontradicted testimony that a DL checkpoint was validly set up makes checkpoint valid; plain view sustained

The state set up a driver’s license and safety checkpoint, and defendant was stopped there. He doesn’t contradict the officer’s testimony that it was set up by supervisory persons and was limited in time and scope. The stop was thus valid, and the plain view of the silencer on defendant’s rifle was valid, too. United States v. Gray, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203481 (N.D. Miss. Nov. 21, 2019).

Defendant was in a roofless vehicle stopped by the police because the LPN came back without insurance. The occupants were recognized as gang members, and defendant profanely addressed a bystander and aggressively stood up in the vehicle. The officers reasonably believed that violence was coming, and a frisk was justified. State v. Mitchell, 2019 UT App 190, 2019 Utah App. LEXIS 189 (Nov. 21, 2019).*

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D.Conn.: Arrest by bathroom door permits look into bathroom under protective sweep

Defendant was arrested in his apartment, right at the bathroom door, and looking in the bathroom was permitted by the protective sweep doctrine. In there, powder from drugs was visible in plain view. United States v. Ovalle, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 202969 (D. Conn. Nov. 22, 2019).

There was no reasonable suspicion for the juveniles’ stop. “Regardless of J.C.’s status as a juvenile though, Officer Kemper’s belief that J.C. was carrying a concealed weapon was based on an inarticulate hunch. Specifically, no additional facts supported Officer Kemper’s theory. For example, Officer Kemper did not describe a bulge in J.C.’s pants …, a metallic object …, or the outline of a gun …. He also did not report, for instance, that he received a tip about a juvenile with a gun. … Each time Officer Kemper saw J.C., he was described as making the same innocuous movement.” In re J.C., 2019 Ohio App. LEXIS 4865 (1st Dist. Nov. 22, 2019).*

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N.D.Ill.: Compelled use of biometrics to open a cell phone doesn’t violate 4A or 5A

“[T]his Court holds that compelling an individual to scan their biometrics, and in particular their fingerprints, to unlock a smartphone device neither violates the Fourth nor Fifth Amendment. Accordingly, the Court has signed and authorized the government’s warrant, including the authority to compel fingers and thumbs to be pressed on the iPhone home button in an attempt to unlock the device.” In the Matter of the Search Warrant Application for the Cellular Telephone in United States v. Barrera, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 202935 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 22, 2019):
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MI: 4A not violated by taking of fingerprints and photographs during a Terry stop

Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment rights were not violated by police officers taking their photographs and fingerprints based on reasonable suspicion during valid Terry stops, because plaintiffs had no reasonable expectation of privacy in physical characteristics that were constantly exposed to the public. Johnson v. Vanderkooi, 2019 Mich. App. LEXIS 7398 (Nov. 21, 2019), on remand from 502 Mich. 751, 918 N.W.2d 785 (2017).

The video from the jail booking area shows the district court did not err in finding that no reasonable jury could conclude that the police did not use excessive force even though plaintiff was handcuffed to a railing. He was acting irrationally and grabbing anything he could reach as a weapon and breaking windows. O’Brien v. Town of Bellingham, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 34981 (1st Cir. Nov. 22, 2019).*

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S.D.Ohio: Putting def in the back seat of a police car wasn’t unreasonable during a basic traffic stop

“Ward also argues that the traffic stop was extended by placing him in the back of the police cruiser. … However, the officer(s) needed to walk back to the police cruiser in order to complete the mission of issuing a ticket for the traffic violation anyway. Furthermore, Officer Johnson was permitted to ask Ward to sit in the squad car until the citation for the traffic violation had been issued.” See “Rodriguez, 135 S. Ct. at 1614-15. (‘the Fourth Amendment tolerate[s] certain unrelated investigations that d[o] not lengthen the roadside detention’).” United States v. Ward, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 202810 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 22, 2019).

The officers’ reliance on a Playpen NIT warrant was in objective good faith as to the locations permitted to be searched. United States v. Grisanti, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 34813 (7th Cir. Nov. 22, 2019).*

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The Appeal: In a Private Facebook Group, California Police Brag about Breaking State Law to Help ICE

The Appeal: In a Private Facebook Group, California Police Brag about Breaking State Law to Help ICE by Darwin BondGraham (“Some officers have recently boasted about breaking state law and collaborating with ICE, according to messages posted in a private Facebook group and obtained by The Appeal.”)

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E.D.N.Y.: That some NYPD cops are known to lie doesn’t mean these two are because the bodycams and physical evidence make them credible

“The circumstances of the stop, search, and seizure of Defendant demonstrate that there was a strong reasonable suspicion to support a stop and search of Defendant, and then probable cause to arrest him. [¶] Defendant’s main argument is that the testimony of Detectives Shelley and Antoniades is not credible. Though the court is aware of and concerned about reports that lying is the norm for some police officers, see Cordero v. City of New York, 282 F. Supp. 3d 549, 554-55 (E.D.N.Y. 2017), the video and physical evidence available in this case corroborates the detectives’ reports of their observations. Minor inconsistencies of observation and memory do not diminish the effect of the video and physical evidence.” United States v. Ford, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 202401 (E.D. N.Y. Nov. 19, 2019).

A bicycle shop reported to the police that they serviced a rare German-made bicycle that was not even sold in the United States that it had to be stolen. Defendant was seen on the bike later, and that was probable cause. The likelihood of misidentification of the stolen bicycle was nil. United States v. Yates, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 202048 (S.D. Ala. Nov. 21, 2019).*

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4A claims not permitted on habeas

Habeas doesn’t recognize Fourth Amendment claims. In re Lopez, 2019 Cal. LEXIS 8819 (Nov. 20, 2019); In re Wood, Wood, 2020 Cal. LEXIS 605 (Jan. 29, 2020).

This habeas petitioner doesn’t show any likelihood of success to get appointment of counsel or a certificate of appealability. He had an opportunity to litigate his Fourth Amendment claims all along, and he can’t do it again. Souffrant v. Superintendent Huntingdon SCI, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 34809 (3d Cir. Nov. 13, 2019).*

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