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- CA3: In seeking arrest warrants, officers need not present all exculpatory evidence to issuing magistrate unless it’s “conclusive”
- D.Idaho: Trial references to SW not barred, but govt limited in what it can say
- D.D.C.: PO’s alleged violation of probation regulations doesn’t warrant suppression if a reasonable mistake
- E.D.N.C.: SW not required to look in def’s jail property bag and retrieve car keys
- D.N.M.: Consent attenuated unreasonable search
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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General (many free):
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Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
DOJ Computer Search Manual (2009) (pdf)
Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
Privacy Foundation
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NACDL’s Domestic Drone Information Center
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Monthly Archives: March 2020
Protocol: Through apps, not warrants, ‘Locate X’ allows federal law enforcement to track phones
Protocol: Through apps, not warrants, ‘Locate X’ allows federal law enforcement to track phones by Charles Levinson (“Federal agencies have big contracts with Virginia-based Babel Street. Depending on where you’ve traveled, your movements may be in the company’s data.”)
Tennessean: Opinion: Tennessee forfeiture laws have strayed away from original civil design
Tennessean: Opinion: Tennessee forfeiture laws have strayed away from original civil design by David Seal (“Civil forfeiture in Tennessee has strayed far from its original design, sweeping up thousands of people in small-scale seizures that are just not practical for … Continue reading
NPR: Genealogy Websites Help To Solve Crimes, Raise Questions About Ethics
NPR: Genealogy Websites Help To Solve Crimes, Raise Questions About Ethics by Kate Payne (“An Iowa man has been found guilty of a 40-year-old murder after he was tracked down through a family genealogy website. Many privacy concerns have been … Continue reading
National Constitution Center video on the importance of jury duty
This is the video from the National Constitution Center’s exhibit on the right to trial by jury. It is the most underrated video on YouTube. After the attacks on the Roger Stone jury, I persuaded the trial judge in my … Continue reading
DE: Def’s consent overcame overbreadth issue; “all digital contents” includes photos
The scope of the search of defendant’s cell phone data was overbroad, but defendant consented: “However, Defendant consented to the search of ‘all digital contents’ of his cell phone. Based on the scope of this consent, the police were permitted … Continue reading
N.D.W.Va.: Officers’ knowledge of def’s violent past justified patdown during stop
Officer’s prior knowledge of defendant’s violent past and criminal history, with reasonable suspicion, justified his patdown. United States v. South, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35208 (N.D. W.Va. Mar. 2, 2020).* Officers had a search warrant for the car defendant was … Continue reading
NYTimes: Court Bans Agents Who Botched Carter Page Surveillance From Seeking Wiretaps
NYTimes: Court Bans Agents Who Botched Carter Page Surveillance From Seeking Wiretaps by Charlie Savage (“An opinion and ruling by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court also accepts a series of reforms the F.B.I. said it would make following a damning … Continue reading
CNS: San Francisco to Pay $369,000 for Police Raid of Journalist’s Home
Courthouse News Service: San Francisco to Pay $369,000 for Police Raid of Journalist’s Home by Nicholas Iovino (“The city of San Francisco will pay $369,000 to settle claims over its police raid on a journalist’s home and office this past … Continue reading
W.D.Ky.: Even if putting key in lock violated Jardines, its use in SW application was in good faith
Pre-Jardines case law held that putting a key in a lock wasn’t a search. Here, the police did that to help establish probable cause. Whether Jardines changed that rule or not, it’s not decided here because the good faith exception … Continue reading
CO: Off-topic question about pill bottle felt during patdown didn’t unreasonably extend stop
Defendant was stopped for reasonable suspicion of having communicated a threat to his girlfriend. During the patdown of the defendant, the officer felt a pill bottle and asked about it, and defendant gave an incriminating response. The single off-topic question … Continue reading
D.N.J.: Foreign wiretap complied with their law so it was reasonable for 4A purposes; GFE also applied
“While it is clear that a joint venture has not been adequately alleged by Escalante-Melgar, even if a joint venture is assumed in this case, evidence obtained from the Salvadoran wiretaps would still be admissible. … Here, there is no … Continue reading
Chicago Sun-Times: ‘Secret hearings’ have allowed CPD to keep suspects in custody for more than 48-hour limit
Chicago Sun-Times: ‘Secret hearings’ have allowed CPD to keep suspects in custody for more than 48-hour limit by Andy Grimm and Tim Novak (“Todd S. Pugh, a veteran defense lawyer and member of the board of the National Association of … Continue reading
EFF: Hundreds of New Yorkers Demand a Ban on NYPD Face Surveillance
EFF: Hundreds of New Yorkers Demand a Ban on NYPD Face Surveillance by Nathan Sheard (“Over two hundred New York City residents—including workers, parents, students, business owners, and technologists—have signed a petition calling to end government use of face surveillance … Continue reading
The Hill: Opinion: Ring gets ‘dinged’ for its video doorbell privacy
The Hill: Ring gets ‘dinged’ for its video doorbell privacy by Joel Schwarz (“IoT devices have also given rise to a number of new privacy concerns. For example, Ring has taken heat for sharing users’ video with over 600 law enforcement … Continue reading
Forbes: DEA Will Return Over $82,000 Seized From Innocent Retiree
Forbes: DEA Will Return Over $82,000 Seized From Innocent Retiree by Nick Sibilla:
San Diego Union-Tribune: An end to immigration checks on Greyhound buses reaffirms Fourth Amendment argument from civil rights groups
San Diego Union-Tribune: An end to immigration checks on Greyhound buses reaffirms Fourth Amendment argument from civil rights groups by Lisa Deaderick (“In Greyhound’s recent decision to no longer allow Border Patrol immigration checks on its buses, civil rights groups say … Continue reading