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- S.D.Ohio: Defense of denial of possession in drug case meant no assertion of standing to challenge the search, so no IAC
- N.D.Okla.: Anticipatory tracking warrant for money counter is without authority and nexus is speculative even if not
- CA9: Supervised release condition of financial disclosure permitted under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and didn’t violate 4A
- N.D.Ohio: Refusing discovery on 4A grounds in forfeiture case results in no standing
- thedrive.com: Police Are Tagging Fleeing Cars With GPS Darts to Avoid Dangerous Pursuits
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2017); ABA Journal Blawg 100 (2015-16) (discontinued 2018)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com / The Book
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-24,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 425,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 45,000 posts since 2003 (26,730+ on WordPress as of 12/31/23) -
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Fourth Amendment cases,
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) -
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“You know, most men would get discouraged by now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men!”
---Pepé Le Pew "The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
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Monthly Archives: January 2015
CA6: A rare § 2254 reversal: defense counsel ineffective for not pursuing a clearly winnable Fourth Amendment claim; state court findings unreasonable under AEDPA
In a rare § 2254 reversal, the Sixth Circuit finds defense counsel ineffective for not pursuing a clearly winnable Fourth Amendment claim, and the state court findings were unreasonable under AEDPA. Grumbley v. Burt, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 1429 (6th … Continue reading
IA: Riley applied to a cell phone search from 2010
Defendant’s cell phone was searched in 2010, well before Riley, but a motion to suppress was filed and denied pre-Riley. The state concedes on appeal that Riley controls and attempts to get the contents of the phone in under exigent … Continue reading
D.S.D.: Def arrested and handcuffed after hot pursuit into house still justified sweep for his gun
The initial entry into defendant’s home was justified by hot pursuit, but other officers followed after the detention, and a protective sweep was conducted. Because it was reasonably feared defendant was armed and the gun hadn’t been located, a sweep … Continue reading
WaPo: Google says it fought gag orders in WikiLeaks case
WaPo: Google says it fought gag orders in WikiLeaks case by Ellen Nakashima and Julie Tate: Google has fought all gag orders preventing it from telling customers that their e-mails and other data were sought by the U.S. government in … Continue reading
NY Times: Drones Spotted, but Not Halted, Raise Concerns
NY Times: Drones Spotted, but Not Halted, Raise Concerns by Michael S. Schmidt and Michael D. Shear: As Major League Baseball’s top players took the field at the All-Star Game in Minneapolis in July, a covert radar system scanned the … Continue reading
D.Neb.: IP address associated with CP enough to search computers at address where IP used
“In the Eighth Circuit, for the purposes of determining whether probable cause exists to search a computer [for child pornography], an IP address assigned to a specific user at the time illegal internet activity associated with that IP address occurs … Continue reading
D.V.I.: “Casing” the premises from the street as a prelude to a knock-and-talk does not violate the curtilage
“Casing” the premises from the street as a prelude to a knock-and-talk does not violate the curtilage. United States v. Lubrin, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 9682 (D.V.I. January 28, 2015). The officer had reasonable suspicion to continue the detention on … Continue reading
CA11: Ptf’s motorcycle crash fleeing police was not excessive force
Plaintiff led officers on a high-speed chase on a motorcycle through two counties, at times reaching 110 mph. In a city, “[i]ndeed, the video shows that he covered the 4.8 miles between the intersections of Z-Horse Charters and South East … Continue reading
WaPo: The Watch: Fairfax police stage a SWAT raid on poker players
WaPo: The Watch: Fairfax police stage a SWAT raid on poker players by Radley Balko: Playing cards could be dangerous. Better just stick to the lottery.
CA7: Detention of a minor based on a report from a friend she was suicidal was reasonable
This minor’s § 1983 suit alleges a Fourth Amendment violation when she was taken to a hospital and subjected to a mental health examination based a report from a school friend that she had attempted to kill herself. The police … Continue reading
The Hill: Senators resurrect bill to require a warrant for email searches
The Hill: Senators resurrect bill to require a warrant for email searches by Mario Trujillo Sens. Patrick Leahy and Mike Lee plan to re-introduce legislation in the “coming weeks.”
Center for Democracy and Technology: Data Privacy Day: A Reminder of the Need to Update ECPA
Center for Democracy and Technology: Data Privacy Day: A Reminder of the Need to Update ECPA by Chris Calabrese: For years CDT has been leading the charge to update the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), the law that governs how … Continue reading
Roll Call: How Congress Can Protect Americans’ Email Privacy | Commentary
Roll Call: How Congress Can Protect Americans’ Email Privacy | Commentary by Gabe Rottman and Katie McAuliffe: Did you lock your front door when you left for work this morning? Rest easy, then, knowing your papers are secure. But what … Continue reading
D.N.M.: Michigan v. Summers applies to homes, not businesses
ICE raided and executed a search warrant on Soccer City in Albuquerque because of suspicion the operators were selling fake IDs. Defendant walked in carrying a box and he was accosted by the ICE agents and asked for his ID, … Continue reading
The New Yorker: Letter from Albuquerque: Your Son Is Deceased
The New Yorker: Letter from Albuquerque: Your Son Is Deceased by Rachel Aviv: The city has one of the highest rates in the country of fatal shootings by police, but no officer has been indicted.