On the eve of a court showdown with Apple, the Department of Justice wants to cancel the hearing, saying it may have found a way into the iPhone of Syed Farook, the gunman in the San Bernardino shooting.
Posted inSurveillance technology|Comments Off on CNN: FBI may have found a way into terrorist’s iPhone
Defendant lived in a partially gated community, but that didn’t mean that officers couldn’t enter through a gate that was usually open during the day. In the parking lot was defendant’s car and in plain view was property that obviously was stolen from the victim. Under the automobile exception, the entire car was subject to seizure to search it later. State v. Carter, 2016 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 202 (March 8, 2016).
Posted inCurtilage|Comments Off on TN: Curtilage doesn’t extend to neighborhood’s gate
The trial court failed to follow the dictates of Grady v. North Carolina that satellite based monitoring of sex offenders is a search subject to the reasonableness clause. The summary conclusion it was reasonable is rejected; remanded. State v. Blue, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS 293 (March 15, 2016); State v. Morris, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS 291 (March 15, 2016).
Posted inGPS / Tracking Data|Comments Off on NC reverses two for no findings contrary to Grady v. NC on GPS monitoring sex offenders
We’ve been down a few times in the last ten days, usually for a few hours at a time. Then, nearly all day Saturday. Frustrating to be down at all. Apparent reason: heavier traffic than we allowed for and paid for: techies reported Saturday evening 96,340 real, non-robot visitors in February (daily avg. 3,322), and 48,000 thru Friday in March, so the server couldn’t meet that capacity. We’ve increased capacity to try to prevent it from happening again. And, that means that the little counter on the right margin is way off because that’s over a 1.1m visits a year.
[Note: This page will recur as an explanation for a few days.]
Posted inUncategorized|Comments Off on Why we’ve been down: too much traffic for space we rented
An off-duty officer witnessed a robbery at a 7-Eleven at 4:30 am and followed the masked man out on the street where the mask was removed, and he got a look at the robber’s face. He followed to a duplex with a common door where the man went in. He couldn’t see which unit. He called 911 and a uniform officer came. The uniform officer went to one door with the off-duty behind him and knocked. When the door opened, the off-duty ID’d the man as the robber. The entry for arrest was reasonable under Dorman. United States v. Anderson, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 4864 (3d Cir. March 17, 2016): Continue reading →
The rubric of “consent once removed” needs to be jettisoned as meaningless. Here, there was real exigency after the informant’s entry into a potentially dangerous situation with the undercover officers watching, and that was sufficient to justify the entry without a warrant. United States v. Rivera, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 4828 (7th Cir. March 16, 2016): Continue reading →
Posted inConsent, Emergency / exigency|Comments Off on CA7: The rubric of “consent once removed” needs to be jettisoned as meaningless, but entry still valid by exigency
Officers had no reasonable suspicion to stop defendant in a high crime area, even after he fled from them when they told him to stop. This was “provoked” flight, contrary to Wardlow’s “unprovoked” flight. “When a vehicle approaches someone in a high-crime area, and the occupants yell, ‘Hey, come here,’ the Court believes it is reasonable for the person approached to ‘go about his business’ by reversing course and walking a different direction, and even running away from the unknown vehicle. Royer, 460 U.S. at 498.” United States v. Turner, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33036 (M.D.La. March 15, 2016).
The trial court erred in concluding defendant did not consent to a breath test. State v. Depol, 2016 Ga. App. LEXIS 148 (March 15, 2016).*
Posted inReasonable suspicion|Comments Off on M.D.La.: “Provoked” flight different than “unprovoked” flight; def could ignore officer and run away where no RS
The Franks issues did not rise to materiality. The officer was credible that the time stamp on the digital photograph showed the picture taken before the search rather than after was an error on the camera because he didn’t check the time stamp for accuracy. The camera was automatic and did all the work for him. Thus, the court finds that the time stamp was simply wrong and not an attempt to be misleading. United States v. Davis, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 176908 (D.Nev. Dec. 29, 2015), adopted 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32437 (D. Nev. Mar. 14, 2016).
Police responded to plaintiff’s house because of a call that he was cutting or stabbing and acting “crazy.” Two women were there crying. He was Tased for not heeding police commands to not go back into his house. “As the party requesting summary judgment, the police officers had the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of any genuine dispute regarding whether they acted wantonly or maliciously. The police officers met their burden.” Harris v. City of Columbus, 2016-Ohio-1036, 2016 Ohio App. LEXIS 933 (10th Dist. March 15, 2016).*
Posted inExcessive force, Franks doctrine|Comments Off on D.Nev.: On Franks challenge, officer credited that the time stamp on digital pictures was just erroneous
Amtrak police are “railroad police” under New York law, and they are subject to § 1983. (Fourth Amendment claim dismissed; other claims survive.) Chunn v. Amtrak, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 176987 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2015), adopted 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34506 (S.D.N.Y. March 17, 2016).
Officers had probable cause to believe that plaintiff was a mental health danger to himself or others and that a mental commitment might be in order. A confrontation ensued and plaintiff was Tased. Summary judgment was properly granted the officers for qualified immunity. Zucker v. City of Farmington Hills, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 4895 (6th Cir. March 14, 2016).*
Posted in§ 1983 / Bivens|Comments Off on S.D.N.Y.: Amtrak officers are “railroad police” under New York law and subject to § 1983
As a passenger, defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in computers found in the car because he did not attempt to prove they were his. The motion to suppress said they were his but he put on no proof. Minassian v. State, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 2814 (Tex. App. – Houston (1st Dist.) March 17, 2016): Continue reading →
Posted inBurden of proof, Standing|Comments Off on TX1: Def carries burden of proof on standing; a mere footnote in a motion to suppress wasn’t enough
A probation condition allowing computer searches for material prohibited by law was overbroad under the Fourth Amendment because the condition allowed for searches of vast amounts of personal information unrelated to defendant’s criminal conduct or potential for future criminality. Narrower means could include either requiring defendant to provide his social media accounts and passwords to his probation officer for monitoring, or restricting his use of or access to social media websites and applications without prior approval of his probation officer. People v. Appleton, 2016 Cal. App. LEXIS 190 (6th Dist. March 15, 2016): Continue reading →
Specific consent to search a laptop and a smartphone did not include a SIM card or other storage devices found in a computer bag. Defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in them comparable to the cell phone in Riley because of the amount of data they could hold. State v. Ladd, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS 288 (March 15, 2016): Continue reading →
Posted inComputer and cloud searches, Consent|Comments Off on NC: Consent to search a computer and smartphone did not include external storage devices in the computer bag
Forced prison strip search of female inmate to have her genitalia inspected by a male guard stated a claim for relief on her Fourth Amendment claim. The inmate retained a limited right to bodily privacy, there were disputes of fact concerning whether the search occurred and the officers’ justification, and there was no evidence that she was in such imminent danger of harming herself that the search had to be conducted immediately by the male officer at the scene. Harris v. Miller, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 4701 (2d Cir. March 15, 2016).
Defendant’s CI had been watched dealing with defendant, and he was arrested on an outstanding shoplifting warrant. The search of his person revealed heroin, and he described how and how often he obtained it from defendant. The search warrant for defendant’s house was based on probable cause, and the good faith exception would also apply. United States v. Reed, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32367 (E.D.Mo. Jan. 14, 2016),* adopted 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32065 (E.D. Mo. Mar. 14, 2016).*
Posted inInformant hearsay, Reasonableness|Comments Off on CA2: Female inmate’s forced prison strip search for male guard to inspect genitalia stated a claim
Notre Dame’s police department serves a police function, therefore a public function, and it is subject to public records disclosure, even though the university as a whole isn’t. [So, no private search doctrine?] ESPN, Inc. v. Univ. of Notre Dame Sec. Police Dep’t, 2016 Ind. App. LEXIS 74 (March 15, 2016).*
The 2009 warrantless use of GPS tracking on defendant didn’t violate law at the time so the good faith exception permits its use. United States v. Rainone, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 4672 (7th Cir. March 14, 2016).*
Posted inGood faith exception, Private search|Comments Off on IN: Private university’s police dept serves police function; records thus public
Defendant’s Franks challenge fails because the misstatements in the affidavit were not material to the finding of probable cause. There were inaccuracies, but they were negligent at best and don’t rise to the level of culpability required for a Franks challenge. United States v. Sember, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33810 (S.D.Ohio March 16, 2016).
Defendant’s guilty plea waived his motion to suppress. State v. Hammond, 2016-Ohio-971, 2016 Ohio App. LEXIS 879 (6th Dist. March 11, 2016).*
Defense counsel was not ineffective for not filing a motion to suppress the search of his place on his mother’s consent. There was no showing it would have been granted. Powell v. United States, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32959 (W.D. Tex. March 14, 2016).*
Defendant was a passenger in a stolen car, and there was no showing he knew anything about it so there was no probable cause for his arrest. But, he had no standing in the car in the first place, and there is a difference between an illegal stop and illegal detention. United States v. Springfield, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32492 (D.Mont. March 11, 2016): Continue reading →
Posted inArrest or entry on arrest|Comments Off on D.Mont.: No standing in car as passenger; difference between an illegal stop and illegal detention
The CI provided detailed information about defendant’s methamphetamine dealing, and that defendant said he’d die before going back to prison. After the tracking warrant was signed, the officers further corroborated the CI’s story after the warrant issued. The good faith exception would apply and save this no matter what. United States v. Libby, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31974 (D.Minn. Feb. 11, 2016), adopted 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31951 (D. Minn. Mar. 11, 2016).
Defendant consented to his blood draw, and he didn’t have a statutory right to advice of a right to refuse consent. Hinson v. State, 2016 Ark. App. 166, 2016 Ark. App. LEXIS 167 (March 9, 2016).*
The police entry into the house on a 911 call from a woman about a domestic abuse call wasn’t justified when she answered the door and their questions and wasn’t hurt and didn’t seem scared. United States v. Harris, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 4565 (9th Cir. Mar. 11, 2016): Continue reading →
Posted inEmergency / exigency|Comments Off on CA9: 911 domestic abuse call from woman didn’t justify entry when she answered door and questions
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." —Me
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well." –Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others)
“I am still learning.” —Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)).
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848)
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." —Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." —Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today." — Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property." —Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment." —United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth." —Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable." —Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." —Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” —United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.” —United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." —Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969)
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp]
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.” – John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." —Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.