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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Good faith exception
IL: Stopping writing citation to do a dog sniff without justification unlawfully extended the stop
The officer unlawfully prolonged the duration of the stop when he interrupted his traffic citation preparation to conduct a dog sniff based on an unparticularized suspicion of criminal activity. There was no dispute that the dog sniff added time to … Continue reading
D.Del.: Even though this SW was a “general warrant,” it was relied on in good faith
The search warrant was overbroad and potentially a general warrant, but it was, essentially, close enough for government work and it wasn’t entirely clear a search warrant was necessary at the time to search a cell phone. The remedy is … Continue reading
IL finds Karo/Knotts strong enough to invoke Davis good faith to a pre-Jones GPS installation (creating a conflict)
The GPS device in this case was put on defendant’s vehicle three years before Jones. Karo and Knotts were strong enough an indication that it was lawful that the Davis good faith exception would be applied to save the search. … Continue reading
NH: Protective sweep applies to vehicles
Because defendant was known to have weapons and associated with violent persons, a protective sweep of his SUV was permissible under the Fourth Amendment and the state constitution. State v. Francis, 2015 N.H. LEXIS 38 (May 12, 2015). Hand-to-hand drug … Continue reading
OH2: A general motion to suppress did not put state on notice to issue it wasn’t prepared to litigate; waiver found
Defendant’s motion to suppress did not put the state on notice that his primary issue was the qualifications of the drug dog and handler, so the issue was not preserved for appeal. State v. Matthews, 2015-Ohio-1750, 2015 Ohio App. LEXIS … Continue reading
CA1: An investigation of sex with a child doesn’t automatically translate into child porn on def’s computer; affidavit purely conclusory
Defendant was under investigation by Puerto Rico police for lewd acts with a minor. There was no suggestion of child pornography. Thus, it was conclusory for the judge issuing the search warrant for defendant’s computer to find nexus or probable … Continue reading
OH: Computer search warrant was so overbroad that good faith can’t save it
The affiant negligently usurped the inference drawing authority of the magistrate [not to mention the magistrate not doing his or her job either in even signing this warrant], and that affects the probable cause finding. Defendant argued particularity for the … Continue reading
MA: While PC for a no-knock warrant wasn’t shown, GFE otherwise applies to no-knock
The affidavit for the search warrant included a no-knock request, but the fact that powder cocaine was sought wasn’t shown to be enough to justify a no-knock. Probable cause of a likelihood of destruction is required under Massachusetts law. Defendant … Continue reading
CA10: For pre-Jones GPS good faith to apply, Knotts and Karo are enough
In a pre-Jones GPS case, even though there was no authority from this circuit, two SCOTUS cases seemingly authorized warrantless GPS: Knotts (1983) and Karo (1984). Thus, the Davis good faith exception would be applied. “We also note that several … Continue reading
GA: Mistaken belief def was on probation made search invalid; no GFE in GA, either; suppressed
The officer mistakenly believed that defendant was still on probation, but he wasn’t. The probation search was unlawful, and the good faith exception doesn’t apply in Georgia. State v. New, 2015 Ga. App. LEXIS 115 (March 12, 2015). The officer … Continue reading
CA6: Good faith exception overcomes a nexus argument, which is a form of PC
The good faith applies to the nexus argument here [which is also a probable cause question], so the question of probable cause for issuance of the warrant doesn’t even have to be decided [and how lazy is that?]. Here, there … Continue reading
WI: Pre-Jardines dog sniff of house saved by GFE and “unsettled law”; is the Fourth Amendment always subservient to good faith?
A pre-Jardines dog sniff of defendant’s door that led to a search warrant would not be suppressed because of “unsettled law” at the time of this search. [There were only a couple of reported cases.] The warrant application was vetted … Continue reading
CA2: Single incident of viewing CP on computer was not PC to believe CP on computer; GFE applies, however
A single access to child pornography from an IP address linked to defendant was not enough to find probable cause that the defendant had child pornography on the computer. The good faith exception, however, was sufficient to sustain the warrant … Continue reading
IN: CI was uncorroborated and his information old; no PC or GFE
The CI’s statement here was uncorroborated and 3-4 months old. Thus, the search warrant lacked probable cause and it was so lacking in probable cause, that the good faith exception cannot apply. Cartwright v. State, 2015 Ind. App. LEXIS 107 … Continue reading
Cal.4th: Davis GFE applies to pre-McNeely blood testing
California’s 4th District applies Davis good faith exception to pre-McNeely blood testing. People v. Harris, 2015 Cal. App. LEXIS 154 (4th Dist. February 19, 2015):
MO: PC lacking and SW was stale, but GFE exception saves it anyway
The affidavit for the search warrant here failed for two reasons. First, it failed to show a substantial basis for finding probable cause from two informants’ information that was not properly corroborated [although later court says they kind of corroborate … Continue reading
IN: The facts of a neighborhood feud that ended in murder suggested nexus to def’s house for the murder weapon
In a neighborhood feud murder case, the known, albeit limited, facts strongly suggested that defendant was the shooter and thus the murder weapon would be found at his house. This was sufficient nexus. Also, citizen informants don’t have to be … Continue reading
S.D.Tex.: Saying in Spanish “allow me to search your car,” rather than “please” was not consensual at immigration checkpoint
Defendant was stopped at the immigration checkpoint at Sarita, Texas. The license plate came back as flagged, so they more closely looked at the vehicle and asked for consent. “The Interpreter at the hearing noted that the Spanish phrase [used … Continue reading