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- CA10: Concealing one’s identity to the police without there being an underlying offense doesn’t create PC
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- LA4: Merely having a concealed firearm isn’t RS for a frisk
- OR: Merely driving off the road wasn’t RS, but adding the driver’s demeanor at the time was
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2017); ABA Journal Blawg 100 (2015-16) (discontinued 2018)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com / The Book
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-24,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 425,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 45,000 posts since 2003 (26,730+ on WordPress as of 12/31/23) -
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Fourth Amendment cases,
citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) -
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“You know, most men would get discouraged by now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men!”
---Pepé Le Pew "The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
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Category Archives: Subpoenas / Nat’l Security Letters
D.S.D.: SW affidavit attachments referred to in affidavit and were used at the pre-search briefing to narrow the search
The application for the search warrant could have been more clear, but it was still apparent that the attachments were incorporated, and they completed the probable cause showing. Moreover, the attachments were used in the pre-search briefing of the officers … Continue reading
CA3: Work email subpoena gets QI in § 1983 case; law still evolving. Kerr: Confusing?
A prosecutor and state investigator subpoenaed plaintiff’s work emails from Penn State. They get qualified immunity because there was no clearly established law that the subpoena was invalid. Plaintiff argues the evolving standards of the reasonable expectation of privacy in … Continue reading
CA5: Texas medical board’s forthwith subpoena was shown not to be pretextual for criminal investigative purpose
Plaintiff is a doctor running a clinic dispensing opiods, and the Texas medical board got a forthwith administrative subpoena out for him and seized records. The defendants get qualified immunity. It’s not clear that doctors are a closely regulated industry … Continue reading
D.Conn.: A safe could be searched under SW in a homicide case; logical place for weapon or ammunition
There was probable cause to search a safe found in defendant’s house for evidence in a murder case because the firearms, ammunition, clothing, or electronic devices could be there. United States v. Fable, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 129527 (D. Conn. … Continue reading
W.D.Va.: Use of a summons under 19 U.S.C. § 1509 to obtain information to prosecute defendant for CP doesn’t violate 4A
The government used a summons under 19 U.S.C. § 1509 to obtain information to prosecute defendant for child pornography. Use of § 1509 didn’t violate the Fourth Amendment, and there’s no exclusionary rule for violation anyway. Defendant’s claim that the … Continue reading
W.D.Okla.: DOJ subpoena issued under the Right to Financial Privacy Act was “relevant to [a] law enforcement inquiry”
A DOJ subpoena issued under the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978, 12 U.S.C. §§ 3401-3422 (“RFPA”). “Having carefully reviewed the United States’ detailed response, the Court finds that there is a reasonable belief that the records sought are … Continue reading
D.S.D.: Issuance of a state’s prosecutor’s subpoena for an ulterior motive states a claim
A state AG’s subpoena was issued for a prisoner’s medical records, but not in a criminal investigation. Enough cases, especially in this circuit, hold there is a reasonable expectation of privacy in medical records to overcome qualified immunity. In addition, … Continue reading
E.D.N.Y.: Gov’t doesn’t satisfy burden for gag order re grand jury subpoena for email records
The government’s conclusory statement in a grand jury subpoena that a gag order was needed is inadequate to satisfy the requirement of the Stored Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional Records Access, 18 U.S.C. § 2701 et seq. In re … Continue reading
D.Nev.: Application for gag order against GJ witnesses was insufficient
An application for a gag order against grand jury witnesses was insufficient. “The application as currently submitted fails to establish sufficient grounds for a non-disclosure order. First, a particularized showing of need has not been made and, instead, the application … Continue reading
PA: Even if HIPAA violated (it wasn’t), there’s no exclusionary remedy
Defendant’s medical records from the state he was extradited from were not unlawfully obtained under HIPAA or the Uniform Act for Obtaining Witnesses from Without State. A “subpoena” under the act includes subpoenas duces tecum. Moreover, even if HIPAA had … Continue reading
TX13: If a motion to suppress was made under McNeely it would have been granted; def received IAC
Defense counsel’s misapprehension of the application of McNeely to blood test results was ineffective assistance of counsel. If a motion to suppress had been made, it would have been granted. Briggs v. State, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 10891 (Tex. App. … Continue reading
CNET: Microsoft drops suit over Justice Dept.’s secret data requests
CNET: Microsoft drops suit over Justice Dept.’s secret data requests by Steven Musil: The move comes after the Justice Department says it would scale back demands for customer data without their knowledge. WaPo: Justice Department moves to end routine gag … Continue reading
WaPo: When is a Facebook ‘like’ a crime?
WaPo: When is a Facebook ‘like’ a crime? by Ann E. Marimow: The U.S. attorney’s office for D.C. told a judge Friday that the government has ‘little interest’ in obtaining the names of thousands of people who ‘liked’ the Facebook … Continue reading
Fortune: How the Justice Department’s Facebook Subpoenas Threaten Free Speech
Fortune: How the Justice Department’s Facebook Subpoenas Threaten Free Speech by Aziz Hug: In recent months, the U.S. Justice Department has issued subpoenas against Facebook and web host DreamHost for records of thousands, perhaps millions, of citizens who expressed interest … Continue reading
E.D.N.Y.: Under SCA, govt has to show disclosure of inquiry to target “will” hamper investigation, not just “may”
The gag order provisions of the SCA requires the government show that disclosure “will” hamper the investigation, but the government only showed “may,” and that’s not enough. Denied without prejudice to show “will.” In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 2016 U.S. … Continue reading
D.Utah: DEA SDT to Utah’s prescription database was reasonable and didn’t offend 4A; state law requires SW for access
The DEA, via authority of the AG, issued an administrative subpoena under 21 U.S.C. § 876(a) to the Utah prescription drug database for information on a particular user. Utah statute required a search warrant. The state and intervenors showed standing … Continue reading
CA9: Intervenors show no standing to challenge admin. SDT to Oregon Prescription Drug Monitoring Program
Intervenors showed no Art. III standing to challenge the DEA’s administrative subpoenas to the Oregon Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. Art. III standing requires that they show independent standing to sue. Oregon Prescription Drug Monitoring Program v. United States Drug Enforcement … Continue reading
TN: Defense can’t use state SDT to get access to witness’s stored communications under SCA
The State lacked standing to challenge the subpoenas issued to its witnesses and electronic communications service providers seeking cell phone and social media communications because it had no personal right, privilege, or proprietary interest in the electronic communications at issue, … Continue reading
NYTimes: U.S. Blinks in Clash With Twitter; Drops Order to Unmask Anti-Trump Account
NYTimes: U.S. Blinks in Clash With Twitter; Drops Order to Unmask Anti-Trump Account by Mike Isaac: Last month, the federal government issued a summons ordering Twitter to hand over information about an anonymous account that had posted messages critical of … Continue reading