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- CA3: Ptf was arrested on an apparent but recalled warrant, then officers confirmed it and let him go; the arrest was reasonable
- N.D.Ohio: Failure to serve state SW within state mandated time not 4A violation
- NY1: Gunshot through floor from apartment above was exigency
- Reason: Most Civil Forfeiture Victims Never See the Inside of a Courtroom
- CA8: Admission of anonymous tip that led to stop violated Confrontation Clause
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Qualified immunity
OH11: 4A doesn’t require alternative arrangements to towing be offered
The Fourth Amendment does not require that a motorist who’s car is about to be towed and would be inventoried can make alternative arrangements to avoid the tow. State v. Patterson, 2021-Ohio-4617, 2021 Ohio App. LEXIS 4542 (11th Dist. Dec. … Continue reading
CA11: Just saying something is clearly established doesn’t make it so for QI
Just saying something is clearly established doesn’t make it so for qualified immunity. “Stallworth has not met her burden. Although Stallworth argues that Hurst violated her ‘clearly established rights,’ she has not presented a case with materially similar facts, demonstrated … Continue reading
D.N.M.: In Torres v. Madrid on remand, defs get QI; right not clearly established in 2014
Torres v. Madrid, 141 S. Ct. 989 (2021) on remand: Defendants get qualified immunity because it wasn’t clearly established in 2014 that a shooting was an arrest. Torres v. Madrid, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 248358 (D.N.M. Dec. 30, 2021). [Once … Continue reading
CA7: Ptf’s manufactured evidence claim survives QI
Plaintiff was tried and acquitted for murder. He sued under § 1983 after two years in custody alleging evidence for his trial was fabricated and exculpatory evidence was withheld. The district court denied qualified immunity, and the defendants appealed. Defendants … Continue reading
CA8 again grants QI to stopping innocent persons at gunpoint
The Eighth Circuit again holds that stopping innocent persons at gunpoint with almost any reason at all almost always results in qualified immunity for the officer. Irvin v. Richardson, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 37110 (8th Cir. Dec. 16, 2021):
D.D.C.: CI’s single controlled buy off def was PC
A single controlled buy from defendant’s home is probable cause without additional corroboration. Moreover, the CI had worked for MPD for a decade. United States v. Hill, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 238824 (D.D.C. Dec. 14, 2021). The fire department responded … Continue reading
N.D.Ind.: 2254(d) “unreasonable application” review considered whether correct case law applied
In this 2254, the argument was that the state court’s application of law violated 2254’s “unreasonable” application standard, but it didn’t. The question was whether Michigan v. Long or Arizona v. Gant applies. “In sum, the State courts’ reliance on … Continue reading
MI: Inventory was reasonable and not pretextual
Defense counsel wasn’t ineffective for not challenging the inventory search of defendant’s car because the inventory was reasonable. After the arrest of the occupants, the vehicle had to be towed, and the inventory was within policy and not a pretext … Continue reading
W.D.Tex.: Case on taking key from a child for police to enter house will go to a jury; no exigency, no QI
Using key obtained from a teenage daughter’s bra, in handcuffs a block away, the mom and two other daughters get to present their case to a jury that police used the key to unreasonably enter the house without announcement. E.R. … Continue reading
FL1: Alleged statutory violation for seizing alcohol abusers not subject to any exclusionary rule
An officer’s alleged violation of statutory procedures for dealing with alcohol abusers they encounter is not subject to an exclusionary rule. Nothing in the statute even suggests it. Jones v. State, 2021 Fla. App. LEXIS 15097 (Fla. 1st DCA Nov. … Continue reading
M.D.Pa.: Tracking data obtained by SW is not testimonial for Crawford purposes
Tracking data on defendant’s vehicle in a stalking investigation was not testimonial for Crawford purposes, and it comes in as a business record. United States v. Miah, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 224557 (M.D.Pa. Nov. 22, 2021). A citizen complaint against … Continue reading
N.D.Ohio: One day delay of package in transit was reasonable
Defendant lacked standing to challenge the search of a parcel of drugs. “Even if Defendant could challenge the delay of delivering the Target Parcel, his argument fails. While ‘theoretically’ the ‘detention of mail could at some point become an unreasonable … Continue reading
CA6: Shooting a man in the back for lawfully carrying a gun doesn’t get QI [yet D.Ct. bought it]
The district court erred by granting the police officer summary judgment as to plaintiff’s excessive force claim under the Fourth Amendment. Accepting plaintiff’s account of the incident, the officer violated plaintiff’s clearly established rights when he shot him six times … Continue reading
CA11: No QI where ptf showed potential false arrest and lengthy detention where crime lab found no drugs
Plaintiff showed sufficient evidence to have a jury decide that her jaywalking arrest was bogus and that led to finding alleged cocaine. Instead, the supposed cocaine was sand leaking from a stress ball that allegedly tested positive for cocaine in … Continue reading
CA4: Choking out and killing a mentally ill man who only vaguely threatened himself was excessive force
“This appeal arises from a tragic incident that led to the death of Joshua Lawhon, an unarmed mentally ill man. Invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Virginia state law, Lawhon’s mother, as administrator of his estate, brought this action against … Continue reading
CA6: Individual officer not responsible for process that denied ptf prompt PC hearing under Riverside
While an arrested person has a right to a prompt judicial determination of probable cause for the arrest, it’s not necessarily on the officer to get the person before a magistrate. “[I]t was not objectively unreasonable for Wynkoop to expect … Continue reading
E.D.N.Y.: Handing over DL on request for police look wasn’t a seizure
Defendant was asked by the police for his ID. He gave it over and they noted it and gave it back. This was not a seizure. United States v. Stephenson, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 206467 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 26, 2021).* Defendant’s … Continue reading
N.D.N.Y.: Def’s additional exculpatory facts don’t undermine PC
There was plenty of probable cause for defendant’s arrest in his house based on statements and what the police learned in their child pornography investigation. “On top of that, the images already recovered from defendant’s devices were also more than … Continue reading
SCOTUS: CA10 rule on recklessly causing an otherwise reasonable shooting rejected; QI applies
Tenth Circuit’s rule that officers can recklessly cause an otherwise reasonable shooting was not based on clearly established law. Thus, qualified immunity applies. City of Tahlequah v. Bond, 2021 U.S. LEXIS 5310 (Oct. 18, 2021) (per curiam)*: