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- D.Utah: Minor time detours to writing up a traffic ticket didn’t unreasonable extend this stop; the dog was quickly on its way
- KY: Despite lack of nexus, SW sustained under GFE
- CO: DNA could be seized from trash
- CA8: Nebraska statute allowing SWs to cross state lines doesn’t violate 4A
- WA: Sweat patch as condition of release violated state constitution’s privacy provision
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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General (many free):
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Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Ineffective assistance
GA: Def counsel wasn’t ineffective for not arguing more strenuously an issue raised and rejected
Defendant’s IAC claim here was that defense counsel didn’t argue more vigorously the motion to suppress such that he would have won it it had been better argued. How to argue is “strategy.” In light of his lack of standing, … Continue reading
NY1: Issue of fact on PC precludes SJ of assault and battery claim
An “issue of fact as to probable cause for [an] arrest precludes summary dismissal of [an] assault and battery claim”. Burgos-Lugo v. City of New York, 2017 NY Slip Op 00534, 2017 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 536 (Jan. 26, 2017).* … Continue reading
E.D.Mich.: Squeezing bag of MJ when taking it off def wasn’t unreasonable; it was apparent what it was
Squeezing a baggie of suspected marijuana to sense its feel was not unreasonable, if that is part of defendant’s argument, which isn’t obvious. It was at arms length when seized, and its appearance was marijuana anyway. United States v. Barnes, … Continue reading
UT: Def counsel failed to provide effective assistance in getting 4A issue before court for resolution
Defense counsel failed to adequately defend the accused on his motion to suppress by not briefing and failing to get it before the court for a hearing, essentially abandoning the client. The issue was left cloudy enough in the record … Continue reading
E.D.Tenn.: When state officers seize and hold property in federal case, return of property under Rule 41(g) not possible
State officers obtained a search warrant for defendant’s property which they held but was being used in a federal prosecution. Rule 41(g) does not enable the defendant to get return of property held by state officials even though there is … Continue reading
CO: No IAC for not challenging P2P search of computer since no REP
Defense counsel was not ineffective for not challenging the search of defendant’s computer via a P2P connection on Limewire that resulted in his child pornography conviction. By going online via Limewire, defendant essentially opened his computer to the outside world, … Continue reading
IAC of a search issue can’t prevail if the search was still valid
Defendant’s 2255 fails for a lack of prejudice because defendant can’t show that he’d prevail on the motion to suppress if it had been filed. (The government also argued that the plea agreement’s waiver provisions barred the 2255 because the … Continue reading
OR: Any exigency of def’s expressed suicidal thoughts had passed by the time officers searched her room
The trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to suppress because the search of defendant’s bedroom did not fall within the emergency aid exception to warrant requirement in the state constitution. First, defendant was sitting outside the house when officers … Continue reading
FL2: Fireman’s plain view of contraband was valid, but then there was a search that wasn’t
Contraband in plain view seen by firemen in defendant’s garage was lawfully seized. Guns and cash weren’t in plain view, and they were seen after a re-sweep of the house with the police, so they weren’t lawfully seized. Young v. … Continue reading
TN: Def’s children were missing after he was arrested for shooting his wife, so entry into house was based on exigency
Defense counsel wasn’t ineffective for not challenging the warrantless entry into defendant’s home. He was apprehended for shootings including shooting his wife, and their children were unaccounted for. The entry was valid based on exigency. Therefore, no IAC. Jordan v. … Continue reading
E.D.Wash.: Defending on lack of connection to property was best course; no IAC for lack of standing, and if motion made it would have lost on merits, too
Defendant’s counsel wasn’t ineffective: “This Court unequivocally finds that Defendant manifested a deliberate abandonment to any interest in his neighbor’s shed. Counsel was not ineffective by tactically defending the charge by highlighting the absence of positive evidence tying Defendant to … Continue reading
S.D.Cal.: Admission of MJ in the trunk was PC; officer didn’t have to check on MMJ prescription
An admission defendant had marijuana in the trunk didn’t require the officer to check into whether defendant had a prescription for it. United States v. Robbins, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 153558 (S.D.Cal. Nov. 3, 2016). Defense counsel did, in fact, … Continue reading
E.D.Pa.: CSLI warrant upheld
CSLI warrant upheld: “ The cell site data obtained by the government is admissible because the government’s actions did not constitute a ‘search’ falling under the protection of the Fourth Amendment. Even if the government had violated the Fourth Amendment, … Continue reading
GA: Search incident of def’s backpack six days after arrest was void
Defense counsel at trial provided ineffective assistance when he failed to seek suppression of evidence recovered from defendant’s backpacks, that were searched six days after defendant’s arrest. The search incident to arrest exception was not applicable to the search that … Continue reading
CA10: Def would lose 4A issue in any event, so no IAC
2255 petitioner argued that state appellate counsel was ineffective for not challenging trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in failing to argue a knock-and-talk. The knock-and-talk would be valid in any event, so there can’t be any IAC. Moore v. McCollum, 2016 U.S. … Continue reading
OR: Def’s SDT for narrow computer files of alleged rape victim was reasonable when it pertained to credibility
Defendant was accused of rape, and the victim told others she had searched Google for information about rape under Oregon law shortly afterward. Defendant sought production of her Google search history to attempt to attack her credibility. The state could … Continue reading
CA8: Detention of def’s semi for SW on PC was reasonable
Defendant was not in custody in this child pornography investigation when he was interrogated, and he even left the scene. “In light of the background investigation and Zavesky’s statements, law enforcement officers had probable cause to detain Zavesky’s semi-truck after … Continue reading
OH9: With smell of MJ, car doesn’t have to be searched before the dog does its work
The smell of marijuana coming from the car was sufficient to call for a drug dog to sniff the car. The officer wasn’t required to search the passenger compartment before the dog sniff. State v. Ross, 2016-Ohio-7082, 2016 Ohio App. … Continue reading
OH9: Nine air fresheners on mirror and one on each air vent was RS
Defendant had nine air fresheners hanging from the rearview mirror and one over every air vent. That was reasonable suspicion to utilize a drug dog during the computer checks and then another officer running a dog around the car while … Continue reading
M.D.Fla.: Even if def counsel filed and won suppression motion, would outcome of case be different?
On a search and seizure IAC claim, too, only the Strickland prejudice prong needs to be considered. Even if the evidence were suppressed, would the jury have still convicted? If yes, then no prejudice. Pittman v. United States, 2016 U.S. … Continue reading