Prosecutors in Baltimore have decided to drop dozens of additional criminal cases that relied on the testimony of eight city police officers indicted on federal racketeering charges, bringing the total to more than 100, Baltimore State’s Attorney Marilyn J. Mosby’s office said Tuesday.
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Cert. granted: Collins v. Virginia, 16-1027 (ScotusBlog)
Issue: Whether the Fourth Amendment’s automobile exception permits a police officer, uninvited and without a warrant, to enter private property, approach a house and search a vehicle parked a few feet from the house.
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When District of Columbia police officers Andre Parker and Anthony Campanale responded to reports of unauthorized goings-on at a supposedly vacant home nearly a decade ago, they probably didn’t expect the evening’s events to lead to all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. But that’s exactly what happened in District of Columbia v. Wesby, in which the justices are scheduled to consider whether the arrests that the officers made that night violated the Fourth Amendment, along with whether – even if they did – the partygoers can sue the arresting officers, or the police are instead immune from suit.
Posted inQualified immunity, SCOTUS|Comments Off on SCOTUSBlog: Argument preview: Parties, probable cause and the Fourth Amendment (DC v. Wesby)
By statute, magistrates issuing search warrants have only district-wide jurisdiction, and here the magistrate lacked authority to issue the search warrant at issue. The state did not show any exceptions. State v. Frazier, 2017 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 861 (Sept. 25, 2017).
That eyewitness might be unreliable isn’t reason to suppress the identification for search warrant purposes. Here, the eyewitness was really confident with the identification and had plenty of time to observe. State v. Saunders, 2017 W. Va. LEXIS 724 (Sept. 25, 2017) (memorandum).*
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The gag order provisions of the SCA requires the government show that disclosure “will” hamper the investigation, but the government only showed “may,” and that’s not enough. Denied without prejudice to show “will.” In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 190319 (E.D. N.Y. May 12, 2016): Continue reading →
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The search warrant for defendant’s computer was for evidence of “hacking” but produced child pornography. The lack of a time frame and search protocol for the search doesn’t make it violate the Fourth Amendment. “Considering the specific circumstances and complexities of a hacking investigation, the warrant was sufficiently particularized within the allowable margin of flexibility. See Wuagneux, 683 F.2d at 1349. The fact that there was no specific search protocol limiting the time frame of searchable electronically stored information did not render the warrant overbroad. See Khanani, 502 F.3d at 1290-91. Furthermore, the agents who executed the search obtained the warrant in good faith, acted within its scope, and acted in the objectively reasonable belief that their conduct did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Therefore, the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies.” United States v. Sedlak, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 18459 (11th Cir. Sept. 25, 2017).
An arrest warrant for Tyler in defendant’s home didn’t justify entry here because officers didn’t show any exception to the warrant requirement. “The government has provided no authority for the proposition that the arrest warrant for Tyler, Tyler’s status as a parolee, or the ‘plain view’ doctrine serves to justify a search of Bembery’s residence for evidence to be used against Bembery.” The government didn’t address Steagald. United States v. Fisher-Bembery, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 156957 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 26, 2017).
Multiple sales of drugs from the defendant’s premises described by the CI and corroboration of the CI’s tale in substantial part by the police provided probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant. State v. Fayson, 2017-Ohio-7793, 2017 Ohio App. LEXIS 4140 (3d Dist. Sept. 25, 2017).*
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Officers responded to a wellness check and found two people passed out in a car. One couldn’t be roused, but defendant could and he was removed from the car and patted down for officer safety. The patdown was reasonable. Even if not, inevitable discovery supports it based on the fact a bench warrant surfaced for defendant when his name was run. United States v. Poche, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 154828 (M.D. La. Sept. 22, 2017).*
Defendant can appeal the denial of return of his $299 Xbox but he still has to pay the $505 filing fee because he didn’t provide the proper IFP form. United States v. Bryant, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 190263 (N.D. Ala. April 29, 2016).*
The officer had reasonable suspicion for a frisk of defendant with a 4:30 am stop and having to turn his back on defendant to investigate what was going on. Importantly, defendant kept pulling his arms out of his sleeves of his sweatshirt hiding his hands. United States v. McKnight, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 155053 (D. Kan. Sept. 22, 2017).
The alleged false statement in the affidavit about the circumstances setting up a reverse buy isn’t false or material to the probable cause determination, so a Franks hearing is denied. United States v. Ardd, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151965 (W.D. Tenn. July 26, 2017),* adopted, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 150962 (W.D. Tenn. Sept. 18, 2017).*
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Defense counsel’s failure to move to suppress was not ineffective assistance of counsel because (1) it wasn’t shown to be meritorious and (2) wouldn’t affect the outcome of the conspiracy conviction. United States v. Aybar, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 155112 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 22, 2017): Continue reading →
Posted inIneffective assistance|Comments Off on M.D.Fla.: IAC search claim, even if successful, wouldn’t undermine conspiracy conviction
Posted inFISA|Comments Off on Independent Journal Review: Lawmakers and Intelligence Community Differ on Surveillance Powers Before Reauthorization Showdown
Defendant was convicted of DUI the day before Birchfield was decided, and he moved for a new trial. The trial court denied the motion, and he appeals. The good faith exception applies to that which happened before Birchfield (without even citing Davis). State v. Hoerle, 297 Neb. 840, 2017 Neb. LEXIS 172 (Sept. 22, 2017).
Police received a call from a fire station that defendant was “all over the road.” When they found him, they observed a traffic violation and stopped him. There was justification for the stop. State v. Jasa, 297 Neb. 822, 2017 Neb. LEXIS 174 (Sept. 22, 2017).*
Officers lacked a reasonable basis for believing that there was anyone else in the apartment to conduct a protective sweep. Staying too long after the protective sweep is a separate constitutional violation. “Accordingly, even if the protective sweep had been permissible under the circumstances, the officers exceeded their legal authority by remaining in the apartment beyond the time necessary to conduct a protective sweep. ‘Were this not the rule, searches begun as minor intrusions on domestic privacy would expand beyond their legitimate purposes.’ Oguns, 921 F.2d at 447. The officers’ continued presence after the conclusion of the protective sweep constituted another, distinct Fourth Amendment violation.” United States v. Butler, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151710 (D. Conn. Sept. 19, 2017)
Posted inProtective sweep|Comments Off on D.Conn.: Once a protective sweep is over, officers have to leave or they separately violate the 4A by staying
Defendant was charged with murder of another inmate in ADX Florence. He had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his prison cell from a search, and photographing his body was reasonable and not an invasion of privacy. United States v. Santiago, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 190098 (D. Colo. July 22, 2016).
The officer’s testimony was clear and direct, and the court finds reasonable suspicion on the totality of circumstances. Two prior disciplinaries of the officer didn’t undermine his credibility because they were unrelated. United States v. Black, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151910 (W.D. N.C. Sept. 19, 2017),* adopting 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 153079 (W.D.N.C. Aug. 18, 2017).*
“Defendant’s argument as to standing to challenge the search of the van is foreclosed by the recent decision of the Eighth Circuit in United States v. Long, ___ F.3d ___, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 16740, 2017 WL 3741873 at *3 (8th Cir. Aug. 31, 2017) in which the court held that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy where the contractual authorized driver of a rental car did not directly provide the defendant permission to drive that car. As applied here, there is no dispute that the owner of the van did not directly provide Defendant permission to drive the van. Accordingly, he does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the search of the van, and therefore lacks standing to challenge the search. Because he lacks standing, the Court need not address the legality of the search of the van and the two cellular telephones identified in Defendant’s motion.” United States v. Ramsey, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 153136 (D. Minn. Aug. 10, 2017),* adopted, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151927 (D. Minn. Sep. 19, 2017).*
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“The initial encounter, including the officers’ questions to the Defendant, was justified under the community caretaker exception to the Fourth Amendment. However, that initial encounter quickly gave way to a pat-down search that was justified for officer safety under … Terry v. Ohio, …. Defendant’s attempt to conceal from the officers the fact that he had a gun and his subsequent attempt to flee the pat-down justified his arrest. The drug evidence found in Defendant’s jacket was properly discovered in a search pursuant to that arrest.” United States v. Elliott, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151887 (D. N.M. Sept. 19, 2017).*
The record supports that the search was consensual by the totality of the circumstances. United States v. Malone, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151970 (W.D. Tenn. July 7, 2017),* adopted, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151447 (W.D. Tenn. Sept. 19, 2017).*
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." —Me
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well." –Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others)
“I am still learning.” —Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)).
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848)
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." —Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." —Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today." — Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property." —Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment." —United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth." —Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable." —Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." —Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” —United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.” —United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." —Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969)
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp]
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.” – John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." —Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.