Archives
-
Recent Posts
- CA8: Def’s 20 prior arrests helped show voluntariness of consent
- TX1: No standing to challenge seizure of ketamine off co-def, but PC was lacking for his own arrest
- KS: 13 days pole camera surveillance violated no REP
- E.D.Va.: WaPo reporter’s SW was overbroad and 1A protected
- CAAF: GFE applies to cell phone’s geolocation data because of substantial basis for the search authorization
-
-
ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
-
-
by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
Latest Slip Opinions:
U.S. Supreme Court (Home)
S.Ct. Shadow Docket Database
Federal Appellate Courts Opinions
First Circuit
Second Circuit
Third Circuit
Fourth Circuit
Fifth Circuit
Sixth Circuit
Seventh Circuit
Eighth Circuit
Ninth Circuit
Tenth Circuit
Eleventh Circuit
D.C. Circuit
Federal Circuit
Foreign Intell.Surv.Ct.
FDsys, many district courts, other federal courts
Military Courts: C.A.A.F., Army, AF, N-M, CG, SF
State courts (and some USDC opinions)
Google Scholar
Advanced Google Scholar
Google search tips
LexisWeb
LII State Appellate Courts
LexisONE free caselaw
Findlaw Free Opinions
To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
Research Links:
Supreme Court:
SCOTUSBlog
S. Ct. Docket
Solicitor General's site
SCOTUSreport
Briefs online (but no amicus briefs)
Oyez Project (NWU)
"On the Docket"–Medill
S.Ct. Monitor: Law.com
S.Ct. Com't'ry: Law.com
-
General (many free):
LexisWeb
Google Scholar | Google
LexisOne Legal Website Directory
Crimelynx
Lexis.com $
Lexis.com (criminal law/ 4th Amd) $
Findlaw.com
Findlaw.com (4th Amd)
Westlaw.com $
F.R.Crim.P. 41
www.fd.org
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
DOJ Computer Search Manual (2009) (pdf)
Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
-
Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
Privacy Foundation
Electronic Frontier Foundation
NACDL’s Domestic Drone Information Center
Electronic Privacy Information Center
Criminal Appeal (post-conviction) (9th Cir.)
Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
-
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: GPS / Tracking Data
arstechnica: AT&T demands clarity: Are warrants needed for customer cell-site data?
arstechnica: AT&T demands clarity: Are warrants needed for customer cell-site data? by David Kravets Legal uncertainty surrounds a law compelling disclosure of location information. AT&T has entered the legal fracas over whether court warrants are required for the government to … Continue reading
EFF Fights Government’s Effort to Get Cell Location Records Without a Warrant
EFF Fights Government’s Effort to Get Cell Location Records Without a Warrant by Hanni Fakhoury and Jennifer Lynch: Once again, a federal court will decide whether police can track your movements over an extended period of time without a search … Continue reading
Baltimore Sun: Judge threatens detective with contempt for declining to reveal cellphone tracking methods
Baltimore Sun: Judge threatens detective with contempt for declining to reveal cellphone tracking methods by Justin Fenton: Baltimore prosecutors withdrew key evidence in a robbery case Monday rather than reveal details of the cellphone tracking technology police used to gather … Continue reading
ACLU: AT&T Comes Out in Support of Stricter Standards for Police Cell Location Phone Tracking
ACLU: AT&T Comes Out in Support of Stricter Standards for Police Cell Location Phone Tracking (press release): MIAMI – In a landmark move in the battle over privacy rights and new technologies, AT&T has filed a federal court brief arguing … Continue reading
NYTimes: Privacy Concerns for Tracking Apps for Schoolchildren
NYTimes: Privacy Concerns for Tracking Apps for Schoolchildren by Natasha Singer: Many teachers say the ClassDojo app helps them automate the task of recording classroom conduct, but some critics say such apps are being adopted without enough consideration for data … Continue reading
OH: At the time the GPS was installed, SCOTUS authority at least “suggested” in Knotts and Karo that it was constitutional, and that’s good enough for government work
At the time the GPS was put on defendant’s car, SCOTUS authority at least “suggested” in Knotts and Karo, before GPS was even envisioned, that it was constitutional, and that’s good enough for government work. The Davis good faith exception … Continue reading
Lexology: iSpy: tracking employees with GPS technology on mobile devices
Lexology: iSpy: tracking employees with GPS technology on mobile devices by Wilson Elser, Dean A. Rocco and Christopher A. Gelpi: More than 90 percent of the 322 million cellular phones in use in the United States contain global positioning system … Continue reading
CA5: Since court upheld warrantless GPS before Jones, no 2255 relief
The Fifth Circuit upheld GPS tracking without a warrant prior to Jones, so defendant wasn’t entitled to 2255 relief under Davis good faith. (The government also argued that Stone v. Powell applied, which would be true, but the court didn’t … Continue reading
WaPo: The controversial device that helped catch alleged Philadelphia abductor
WaPo: The controversial device that helped catch alleged Philadelphia abductor by Abby Ohlheiser: Delvin Barnes was arrested with the help of a GPS device planted in his Ford Taurus by the dealership.
CA3: GFE for GPS can derive from old law, without binding authority
ACLU: Federal Appeals Court Rules Evidence Obtained From GPS Device Without Warrant Is Admissible: PHILADELPHIA – The Third Circuit Court of Appeals ruled today that evidence derived from warrantless use of a GPS tracking device can be used in court, … Continue reading
D.Md.: GPS order could include rental cars for up to 60 days
A GPS warrant could issue for future rental vehicles for a fixed time frame. Defendant used weekly rented rental vehicles to transport drugs and there was no way of predicting what his next vehicle would be. United States v. Miller, … Continue reading
TX4 follows Fifth Circuit and TX14: Search warrant not required for CSLI
TX4 follows Fifth Circuit and TX14: Search warrant not required for CSLI. It is information kept by the phone provider and voluntarily disclosed to it by the use of the cell phone. Ford v. State, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 9159 … Continue reading
N.D.Ohio: A pretextual traffic stop can’t be used to remove a tracking device
The government doesn’t have the authority to have its officers simply stop a motorist under the guise of a traffic stop to remove a tracking device. Because tracking devices are always removed surreptitiously, there is no law on this anywhere. … Continue reading
CA4: Davis saves pre-Jones GPS installations in the Fourth Circuit
Prior to Jones’s GPS ruling, Knotts governed all the GPS cases in this circuit, so Davis good faith has to apply to a 2011 GPS installation. United States v. Stephens, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 15920 (4th Cir. August 19, 2014):
IN: PC required to install a GPS device
Probable cause is required to install a GPS device on a vehicle. Keeylen v. State, 2014 Ind. App. LEXIS 384 (August 8, 2014): Still, we readily conclude that probable cause, not reasonable suspicion, is the standard that must be established … Continue reading
D.Neb.: Cell phone GPS location was obtained by court order under § 2703 so GFE applies
Cell phone GPS location data was obtained by HSI with a court order on probable cause. While it wasn’t under Rule 41, it was clearly covered by good faith under § 2703. United States v. Garcia, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS … Continue reading