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also, firm website Top 90 Criminal Law Blogs 2026 -
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Franks doctrine
S.D.Ohio: More than a conclusory statement of recklessness or intent required for Franks hearing
Just because information is erroneous doesn’t get you a Franks hearing. More than a mere conclusion is required that the statement was recklessly or deliberately false. United States v. Kurtz, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 160356 (S.D.Ohio Nov. 18, 2016). Defendant … Continue reading
E.D.Wash.: Defending on lack of connection to property was best course; no IAC for lack of standing, and if motion made it would have lost on merits, too
Defendant’s counsel wasn’t ineffective: “This Court unequivocally finds that Defendant manifested a deliberate abandonment to any interest in his neighbor’s shed. Counsel was not ineffective by tactically defending the charge by highlighting the absence of positive evidence tying Defendant to … Continue reading
CADC: Bomb squad’s search hours later was not exigent and no QI
A top to bottom search of plaintiff’s home by the D.C. bomb squad hours into a “situation” at his home (actually based on a mistake) wasn’t remotely justified by exigent circumstances. Moreover, qualified immunity doesn’t apply (2-1 on this issue) … Continue reading
OH1: Vehicle weapon frisk reasonable despite def being out of car
The officer’s frisk of defendant’s vehicle for a weapon was reasonable on reasonable suspicion even though defendant was out of the car. It wouldn’t be hard for him to get back to car. [Seems difficult to imagine a vehicle frisk … Continue reading
W.D.N.C.: Franks does include a right to a hearing without making a prima facie showing
Defendant doesn’t get an opportunity to test the truth of the affidavit under Franks in a hearing without making a prima facie case of materiality and wilful falsity. United States v. Payne, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 127287 (W.D.N.C. Aug. 9, … Continue reading
W.D.Mo.: Smell of raw marijuana on the person is PC for a search
“In addition, in getting near to Jackson, Det. Garcia could smell unburnt marijuana on his person. Under these facts, the Court concludes that Det. Garcia had probable cause to arrest Jackson.” United States v. Jackson, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124091 … Continue reading
E.D.Mich.: Rule 41(b)(4) tracking order can’t be issued by state judge
A Rule 41(b)(4) tracking order was issued by a state court judge when a USMJ was unavailable. The court finds state judges can issue search warrant but not tracking orders, and the Advisory Committee notes made that clear. United States … Continue reading
D.Neb.: Information for Franks hearing needs to be made to USMJ, not on appeal to USDJ
When making a Franks challenge to the USMJ, defendant must come forward with the information then, not on the request for review to the USDJ. “The Magistrate Judge did not state on the record his specific reasoning for a finding … Continue reading
VI: No REP in a bag on ground outside an apt building
Defendant’s apartment was subjected to a search warrant, and defendant argued that a Crown Royal bag outside on the ground was outside the scope of the warrant and couldn’t be seized. The court applies Dunn and the curtilage analysis to … Continue reading
TX11: A search for evidence under an unconstitutional statute still suppressed in Texas despite good faith
Search for evidence under a statute later declared unconstitutional in state court had to be suppressed because Texas has only a limited good faith exception. Siller v. State, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 8733 (Tex.App. – Eastland Aug. 11, 2016). Speculative … Continue reading
E.D.Mich.: Omission of CI’s prior inconsistent statement didn’t require Franks hearing
The fact that more detail could have been included, including prior inconsistent statements of informants, that doesn’t make a search warrant affidavit false or misleading for Franks purposes because it wouldn’t change outcome. United States v. Davis, 2016 U.S. Dist. … Continue reading
ID: A party doesn’t have to cite specific case law to preserve its Fourth Amendment argument if it otherwise says the right words
The state doesn’t have to cite specific case law to preserve its argument; just make the argument. Here, it was that defendant was stopped for wandering on the road and that produced no DL and that he was driving a … Continue reading
D.Colo.: Rare proved Franks violation; suppression required because of intent; no severability of a SW after Franks violation
Defendant was a chiropractor being investigated for health fraud, and the investigators procured a search warrant for records. Defendant was the target of an administrative investigation that produced a settlement, an Admonition Letter, with no finding of fault or fraud. … Continue reading
D.Nev.: Omission of details of a protective sweep not Franks issue where magistrate had to know about it
Police officer’s omission of details of a protective sweep from an affidavit for a search warrant did not support a Franks claim as to how he reported responding to a 911 shots fired call. The protective sweep wasn’t even hidden; … Continue reading
CA10: Stone v. Powell’s “full and fair opportunity” to litigate search claim below couldn’t be established on this record
The state record on habeas was inadequate to determine whether petitioner actually got a “full and fair opportunity” to litigate his search claim, so the case is remanded to get the state court record before the district court. Thornton v. … Continue reading
ID: Denial of ownership of a lockbox tossed onto ground by girlfriend was abandonment
Defendant’s denying ownership of a lockbox tossed onto the ground by his girlfriend saying it wasn’t his was a waiver of any reasonable expectation of privacy in it. State v. Melling, 2016 Ida. App. LEXIS 46 (April 6, 2016). The … Continue reading
FL5: Pre-McNeely warrantless blood draw saved by GFE
A pre-McNeely warrantless blood draw was unconstitutional now but saved by the good faith exception because it was valid at the time it happened. State v. Liles, 2016 Fla. App. LEXIS 5427 (Fla. 5th DCA April 8, 2016). Arguing over … Continue reading
CA8: Where two crimes alleged in affidavit and PC as to each is sufficient, Franks challenge to one is moot
Defendant’s Franks challenge fails: There were two unrelated crimes referred to, and the PC as to the drug crime was not challenged. As to the other, that wasn’t even in federal court, so it doesn’t matter and wasn’t material to … Continue reading
D.Nev.: On Franks challenge, officer credited that the time stamp on digital pictures was just erroneous
The Franks issues did not rise to materiality. The officer was credible that the time stamp on the digital photograph showed the picture taken before the search rather than after was an error on the camera because he didn’t check … Continue reading