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- CA7: Scrolling through def’s cell phone was a reasonable border search
- E.D.Ark.: Bivens not extended to knock-and-announce violation and shooting; FTCA applies instead
- D.Mont.: This ping warrant was based on PC and was not governed by Chatrie
- KY: Unrelated questions during ongoing traffic stop didn’t extend it under Rodriguez
- TX1: Defendant had no REP in a package of drugs he never possessed and on another person
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Privileges
N.D.Cal.: Visiting defendant in the USM lockup directing him to provide his password for his cell phone seized under a SW exceeded the scope of the warrant
Visiting defendant in the USM lockup directing him to provide his password for his cell phone seized under a search warrant exceeded the scope of the warrant. United States v. Maffei, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70314 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 26, … Continue reading
N.D.Ohio: State searches can make federal cases; Younger doesn’t work in reverse
Federal courts can get jurisdiction to try cases involving searches conducted by state officers. This isn’t Younger v. Harris in reverse. Green v. United States, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 70988 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 27, 2019). A warrant for drug rehab … Continue reading
DE: Jail cell seizure of trial and A-C privileged materials requires disqualification of entire prosecution team; dismissal order reversed
Prosecutors ordered a prison cell search of a murder defendant’s cell, and legal materials and trial strategy materials were seized. It started with a search to see if a protective order was violated, but it ended up being quite broad. … Continue reading
MN: A blood sample in a lab is not “information” within the physician-patient privilege statute
A blood sample in a lab is not “information” within the physician-patient privilege statute. The state sought a search warrant for the blood sample. State v. Atwood, 2019 Minn. LEXIS 122 (Mar. 13, 2019). “[B]y the time Defendant complied with … Continue reading
ABAJ: Compelled-password decision is ‘death knell’ for Fifth Amendment, state justice argues
ABAJ: Compelled-password decision is ‘death knell’ for Fifth Amendment, state justice argues by Debra Cassens Weiss:
D.N.M.: Citizen informants saw shooting, and video surveillance caught image of def’s car at the time, and that was PC for arrest
Citizen informants saw a shooting from a vehicle and area video surveillance caught an image of defendant’s car. Police looked, and he was convicted felon. There was thus probable cause for defendant’s arrest. United States v. Cotto, 2019 U.S. Dist. … Continue reading
MA applies “foregone conclusion” test to determine def could be compelled to provide password for cell phone
Massachusetts applies the “foregone conclusion” test to whether forcing defendant to enter the password on his cell phone to search it violates the Fifth Amendment. The court concludes that defendant’s possession of the phone and admission it was his and … Continue reading
IL: State did not satisfy foregone conclusion test to get cell phone password
The state did not satisfy the foregone conclusion test to get access to defendant’s password on his cell phone. People v. Spicer, 2019 Ill. App. LEXIS 129, 2019 Ill. App. LEXIS 129 (Mar. 7, 2019):
AR: Isolated comment at trial from police witness defendant wouldn’t give up cell phone password didn’t require reversal; jury admonished on right not to
An isolated trial comment from a witness that the officer couldn’t access a cell phone without the password wasn’t prejudicial. Also, the parties agreed that an admonition that defendant had a constitutional right to not give it was given. Lewis … Continue reading
ID: Seizure of A-C materials from def’s jail cell violated privilege; remanded for remedy and possible recusal of DA
The state searched defendant’s jail cell while he was in pretrial detention and seized attorney-client privileged information. The state has the burden of proving that it did not affect the case against him, and the case is remanded for further … Continue reading
CA9: Question about telephone number before Miranda warning wasn’t protected by warning
Question about defendant’s telephone number prior to his Miranda warning wasn’t covered by Miranda. The phone number linked defendant to a dropbox account with child pornography. United States v. Chilaca, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 33136 (9th Cir. Nov. 26, 2018). … Continue reading
WA: State AG’s civil investigative demand to a company did not unreasonably intrude into “private affairs” or violate 4A
A company that consolidated student loans was required to comply with the Washington State Attorney General’s civil investigative demand (CID) under Wash. Rev. Code § 19.86.110. The company did not have a right against self-incrimination and the CID did not … Continue reading
LA3: No REP in a jail call to spouse
There is no reasonable expectation of privacy in a jail call to defendant’s wife. State v. Ducote, 2018 La. App. LEXIS 2297 (La. App. 3 Cir. Nov. 15, 2018).* No reasonable suspicion for extending a stop for no proof of … Continue reading
NJ: Cell phone password not 5A privileged on this record
Defendant’s forced disclosure of his iPhone password didn’t violate the Fifth Amendment because his knowledge of that information was a foregone conclusion on this record. State v. Andrews, 2018 N.J. Super. LEXIS 159 (Nov. 15, 2018):
S.D.Fla.: Govt oversearched and violated A-C privilege; but it wasn’t really bad enough to warrant sanctions, and govt not using it
The government reviewed attorney-client materials and failed to uphold the standards of DOJ to protect them from review by investigators. Nevertheless, it doesn’t rise high enough to require dismissal of the indictment. The government concedes that it won’t use some … Continue reading
CA6: Marital privilege doesn’t apply to a recorded jail call
Marital privilege doesn’t apply to jail telephone calls defendant knew would be recorded because of the lack of a confidential communication. United States v. Ayala, 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 31345 (6th Cir. Nov. 6, 2018). The Pennsylvania Wiretap Act is … Continue reading
IL: Marital communications obtained by SW remained privileged
Confidential spousal communications obtained by a search warrant do not lose their privileged character. People v. Gliniewicz, 2018 IL App (2d) 170490, 2018 Ill. App. LEXIS 818 (Nov. 2, 2018). The state seized text messages but didn’t disclose them in … Continue reading
FL4: Order to juvenile to produce cell phone passcode quashed
A minor was in juvenile court for being in an accident under the influence. The police wanted the contents of his cell phone. The juvenile court’s order for him to disclose the password to his cell phone is quashed because … Continue reading
S.D.Fla.: The FTC sought an order of production of cell phones and laptops for search in an action for injunction; production not testimonial and PC shown
The FTC sued defendants for injunctive relief and sought an order for production of cell phones and laptop computers. On the first issue of preservation of the Fourth Amendment claim in addition to the clearly asserted Fifth Amendment, the court … Continue reading