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Recent Posts
- VA: 12 second question about drugs didn’t unreasonably prolong the stop that was going to take a while anyway
- E.D.Tenn.: Application for SW was considered in detention ruling
- TN: RS didn’t develop to continue stop; second stop based on first suppressed
- CA4: Traffic stop immediately became firearms investigation; suppressed
- CA10: Disagreement over spelling of street name didn’t make warrant fail particularity; GFE at least would apply
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) -
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted
intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by
government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose
it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Burden of proof
CA5: No RS for stopping an older just licensed car on I-10
Defendant’s traffic stop was based on the fact his older vehicle had just been registered and he was driving between Houston and San Antonio. The officer found a 14 year old drug arrest. It should have been apparent that defendant … Continue reading
IL: Trial court should have suppressed; officer said he smelled MJ but drug dog did not alert and another officer did not smell it
The trial court erred in not suppressing the defendant’s search. The officer’s testimony that he smelled marijuana coming from the vehicle when he began talking to defendant was not credible. Also, the officer still sought consent to search the vehicle,* … Continue reading
E.D.Pa.: IAC claim has to say what def counsel didn’t try to suppress
An ineffective assistance claim that says defense counsel was ineffective for failing to move to suppress without saying what should have been suppressed states no claim at all. [It would also have to say that it would have been granted … Continue reading
D.Nev.: Rule 17 subpoena couldn’t be used for discovery for suppression hearing where nothing in particular was sought
Defendant’s Rule 17 subpoena for personnel files to the city police involved in a stop and search on an Amtrak train was quashed. There was no showing that it would produce evidence of any value at this point in the … Continue reading
TX6: Failure to cite state constitution and rules in argument on motion to suppress was waiver
While defendant’s motion to suppress cited the Fourth Amendment, the state constitution, and state criminal rules, at the hearing defendant mentioned only the Fourth Amendment, so the others were waived. Glenn v. State, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 9433 (Tex. App. … Continue reading
OH3: Trial court decided issue defense didn’t raise, and state prejudiced
The trial court erred in sua sponte raising a length of detention issue that the state did not get to respond to. State v. Miller, 2015-Ohio-3529, 2015 Ohio App. LEXIS 3443 (3d Dist. August 31, 2015):
OR: It’s the state’s burden to argue any exceptions to the warrant requirement
It’s the state’s burden to argue any exceptions to the warrant requirement. State v. Maciel-Figueroa, 273 Ore. App. 298, 356 P.3d 674 (2015) (under submission 2½ years), aff’d, State v. Maciel-Figueroa, 361 Ore. 163, 2017 Ore. LEXIS 166 (March 2, … Continue reading
KS: Stipulating issue then arguing against it is like invited error
The state complained the defense motion to suppress was too general, and defense counsel stipulated to narrowing it to something substantive. The state was arguing that it did not have to argue every conceivable exception to the warrant requirement for … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: To get a hearing on a motion to suppress, defendant has to allege facts sufficient to provide relief
To get a hearing on a motion to suppress, defendant has to allege facts sufficient to provide relief, if they can be proved. United States v. Ochoa, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105925 (N.D.Ga. July 8, 2015). Officers had reasonable suspicion … Continue reading
OH10: A CODIS hit on defendant’s DNA was probable cause for a confirmatory DNA test
A CODIS hit on defendant’s DNA was probable cause for a confirmatory DNA test. State v. Goins, 2015-Ohio-3121, 2015 Ohio App. LEXIS 3039 (10th Dist. August 4, 2015). Defense counsel wasn’t ineffective for not pursuing a motion to suppress before … Continue reading
DC: Entry on a domestic dispute unjustified by exigency; everybody involved was outside the house
The entry into defendant’s house was not supported by exigency. The police interviewed the participants in a domestic dispute outside, and there was no reason at all to believe that there was someone in the house in need of aid. … Continue reading
E.D.Tenn.: It is not defendant’s burden in a warrantless search to anticipate in the motion to suppress all the justifications the police may have for it
It is not defendant’s burden in a warrantless search to anticipate in the motion to suppress all the justifications the police may have for the search. It’s the government’s burden to plead and prove an exception. Here, they showed probable … Continue reading
AK: Inventory void when conducted as pretext for search incident of driving on suspended DL
On defendant’s arrest for driving on a suspended DL, the officer decided to tow the vehicle and conducted an inventory on the street that started with the area around which he would “lunge, reach, or grasp.” On finding cocaine, the … Continue reading
D.S.D.: Standing here was established by other witnesses without def even testifying; USMJ erred in denying full hearing
The USMJ found no standing, but defendant did not need to testify to establish standing. Here, there was evidence in the record that others said the duffle bag was defendant’s and his papers were found inside it. That should be … Continue reading
AK: Slightly changing search incident argument on appeal and including Gant was changing the issue
Defendant raised a search incident claim about his arrest: “(1) the toiletry bag was not “immediately associated” with his person, and because (2) the search of the bag was not sufficiently contemporaneous with his arrest.” On appeal, however, he raised … Continue reading
OR: “Right result, wrong reason” doctrine cannot apply to save a search where the defense wasn’t given a chance to litigate that ground below
“Right result, wrong reason” doctrine cannot apply to save a search where the defense wasn’t given a chance to litigate that ground below. State v. Booth, 272 Ore. App. 192 (July 8, 2015). Defendant was a gay man stopped by … Continue reading
CA7: Backpack search for a weapon wasn’t justified; govt’s alternative theory was waived below
The search of defendant’s backpack wasn’t justified under any legal theory because there was neither probable cause nor reasonable suspicion for the detention. He and his companion were handcuffed behind their backs, and officer safety was no longer an issue. … Continue reading
DE: Def does not waive suppression motion by FTA; hear it without him
Failure to appear for a suppression hearing is not a waiver of the motion. The court should have conducted the hearing in his absence. Smolka v. State, 2015 Del. LEXIS 308 (June 23, 2015). Defendant called 911 about the pregnant … Continue reading
OR: State could not raise new argument in CoA after remand never developed in trial court
On remand from the Supreme Court, the state asserted an argument never made in the trial court, and it’s treated as waived since there was no factual development. The prior decision is adhered to. State v. Heater, 271 Or. App. … Continue reading