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- CA6: Knowing passcode to cell phone shows common authority over it to consent
- VI: Smell of MJ no longer PC in VI since legalization
- Reason: 3 Charlotte Cops Resign After Group Chat Reveals Competition To Arrest the Most Black People
- E.D.Mich.: Second SW for cell phone data retained by govt was valid
- S.D.W.Va.: “Shocking” nature of immigration raid on a Mexican restaurant at lunchtime didn’t warrant suppression
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Feedspot’s Best Legal Blogs and Websites 2023-2026,
also, firm website Top 90 Criminal Law Blogs 2026 -
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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General (many free):
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Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Inventory
S.D.Ohio: Old background info coupled with new info doesn’t make warrant stale
The search warrant was not stale. It had pretty old background information that alone would be stale, but it provided recent information as well, and that was sufficient to overcome staleness. United States v. Thomas, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 125410 … Continue reading
FL2: Common authority to consent did not extend to guest’s backpack
The owner of the place searched had the authority to consent to a search of the bedroom where defendant was sleeping. Defendant was just a short term guest and was asleep when the police came in. The common authority applied … Continue reading
MN: No inventory permitted when defendant not being physically arrested
Because defendant was not being arrested for a minor drug offense, it wasn’t proper then to impound her car for an inventory. State v. Rohde, 2014 Minn. LEXIS 406 (August 20, 2014). The 52 page affidavit for the search warrant … Continue reading
TX4: Anonymous tip of a minor city code violation didn’t support stop, so consent invalid
An anonymous tip that defendant was selling stuff from her car allegedly without a proper city permit didn’t justify defendant’s stop. Her subsequent consent was invalid. Pineda v. State, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 8824 (Tex. App. – San Antonio August … Continue reading
D.Ariz.: Passenger had standing: girlfriend’s car, and they were on vacation together
Defendant’s girlfriend owned the car, and they were traveling together on vacation. Given all the facts, this passenger had standing and a reasonable expectation of privacy that society would recognize and could exclude others from the car. United States v. … Continue reading
E.D.Tenn.: No standing to contest seizure of guns left at a pawn shop
Defendant had no standing to contest law enforcement’s seizure of guns he pawned at a pawn shop. United States v. Sanders, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 88788 (E.D. Tenn. May 19, 2014).* The officer had reasonable suspicion defendant was driving under … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: Warrant for whole single family dwelling was not overbroad in a CP case
Search warrants are directed at places, and it doesn’t matter that several people live there. This was a single family dwelling, so the warrant wasn’t overbroad for identifying the whole home as a place to search in a child pornography … Continue reading
NMI: Search of cigarette pack reasonable in SI to look for weapon
Defendant was on a moped with another, and they were stopped at a sobriety checkpoint. The registration was years out of date, and they were directed aside for a more intense review. Defendant’s cigarette pack aroused suspicion because of the … Continue reading
OR: Ordering defendant out of his house for an FST was a “stop” and detention as a show of authority
Ordering defendant out of his house for a FST was a “stop” and detention under the state constitution because it was a show of authority. State v. Charles, 263 Or. App. ___, 2014 Ore. App. LEXIS 804 (June 18, 2014). … Continue reading
OH5: Inventory was valid [even though it was a criminal search]
The officer had an outstanding arrest warrant for defendant for domestic violence. Defendant wasn’t at home, but he was found with the car parked elsewhere. After defendant’s arrest, even though the car was legally parked, the officer directed the car … Continue reading
TN: Inventory search of def’s property in the book-in area of jail was valid even though he was going to be OR’ed shortly
An inventory search of defendant’s property in the book-in area of the jail was valid even though he was going to be OR’ed shortly. State v. Johnson, 2014 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 458 (May 15, 2014): The Defendant also challenges … Continue reading
Two inventory cases
This was a stop by Texas Tech PD, and defendant’s DL was suspended. Other things indicated drugs or drug usage. Nevertheless, the inventory of the vehicle was conducted in compliance with the department’s inventory policy and it wasn’t shown to … Continue reading
Tennessee adopts the “second look” booking inventory search rule
Tennessee adopts the “second look” booking inventory search rule. Defendant had been arrested for DUI, but he was a suspect in a rape and robbery. Officers looked again at the contents of his pants and found jewelry from the victim, … Continue reading
Two pretextual stop cases; one defendant found to be a serial killer
“The Court need not discredit Parker’s theory of pretext in order to find it inconsequential: perhaps the detectives indeed stopped the car not because of a seat belt violation but because of the alleged firearm incident-but the stop remains constitutional. … Continue reading
D.Mass.: Court doesn’t believe officer smelled marijuana; car search of computer and cell phone suppressed
The district judge disbelieves that the officer smelled marijuana, and suppresses the search of defendant’s car. The officer felt something was up but couldn’t articulate it. Inevitable discovery by inventory fails because there was no true inventory–no inventory was produced. … Continue reading
S.D.N.Y.: Inventory in aid of car forfeiture was valid
Defendant was arrested at home for money laundering. A protective sweep of the premises revealed a Lamborghini and Ferrari in the garage, and they were seized for forfeiture. An inventory of the vehicles in aid of the forfeitures was proper. … Continue reading
IL: Mere arrest doesn’t justify towing and inventory
Defendant was a passenger in a car stopped by the police. The driver was being arrested, and he gave the keys over to the defendant. The defendant had stuff in the trunk. The giving of the keys created standing. Mere … Continue reading