September 2026 S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Archives
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Recent Posts
- WaPo: Americans have turned against police cameras that track license plates, new survey shows
- W.D.Tex.: What is the duty of the neutral and detached magistrate?
- D.Me.: Yes, more investigation could have been done, but there’s still PC on what there was
- CA3: Brady doesn’t apply to SW materials
- E.D.Mich.: Person a cell phone was given to as gift could consent to search
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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General (many free):
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Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
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Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Emergency / exigency
OH9: Merely having open garage door for a couple of days didn’t warrant emergency aid entry
The emergency aid exception did not warrant entry into defendant’s home and finding marijuana. Neighbors reported that the garage door had been open for a couple of days, and that was unusual. There was no sign of breaking and entering, … Continue reading
OR: Exigent circumstances applies to animals in distress
Exigent circumstances permitted an entry onto property to seize and emaciated horse and get it to a veterinarian for care. State v. Fessenden, 2014 Ore. LEXIS 560 (August 7, 2014). The stop was 21 minutes long, but it was justified … Continue reading
WI: When a probation term includes no computers, it is reasonable for a probation officer to search one found in the home
When a probation term includes no computers, it is reasonable for a probation officer to search one found in the home. This one had child pornography on it. State v. Purtell, 2014 WI 101, 2014 Wisc. LEXIS 538 (August 1, … Continue reading
D.Minn.: Defendant’s denial he had an ID didn’t warrant searching his wallet
Just because defendant was nervous and denied having ID when it was apparent he had a wallet, a search of his wallet wasn’t justified. United States v. Garcia-Garza, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105586 (D. Minn. June 30, 2014):
D.Colo.: Photo of property in SW application cures address typo
A typo in the address, 1557 v. 1577, was not material where the application for the search warrant had a photograph of the property involved. United States v. Padilla, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 104023 (D. Colo. July 30, 2014). Exigent … Continue reading
E.D.Va.: None of four exceptions to warrant requirement supported search of jacket in another room
The search of defendant’s coat in a separate room from him could not be justified under any exception to the warrant requirement: protective sweep, emergency/exigency, Terry frisk, or search incident. Defendant did finally break away from the officers, too, making … Continue reading
KS: Outgoing prison letters may be searched
A prison inmate’s outgoing letters are not protected by the Fourth Amendment since Stroud (1919). State v. Burnett, 2014 Kan. LEXIS 429 (July 25, 2014) A brief hand-to-hand transaction may have been innocent, but it was enough for a trained … Continue reading
AZ: Open door in area known for string of burglaries justified entry
Officers came to defendant’s house looking for somebody else as a suspect because of a significant number of home burglaries in the area. They found a gate, a 120′ driveway, and opened the gate. About 15′ in they noticed that … Continue reading
CA11: No exigency present on a domestic call to justify warrantless entry into home
No reasonable officer could conclude on these facts that there was exigency for a warrantless entry. There was no evidence that actual violence was occurring or threatened. Therefore, qualified immunity was denied. Walters v. Freeman, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 13540 … Continue reading
OH9: Mistake of law on where car needed to stop justified suppressing the stop
Officer’s mistake of law that a driver had to stop only at a stop line and not before made the stop unreasonable. State v. Drushal, 2014-Ohio-3088, 2014 Ohio App. LEXIS 3020 (9th Dist. July 14, 2014).* [Will Heien v. North … Continue reading
D.D.C.: Closet in small apartment was proper subject of a protective sweep
A closet was the proper subject of a protective sweep during a warranted arrest in a small apartment. It took defendant a while to answer the door, and there was a noise from the closet. Buie specifically recognizes this. United … Continue reading
CA9: Exigent circumstances justified warrantless entry into Navajo’s hogan
Defendant was arrested for sexual assault on an Indian reservation. The warrantless entry into his hogan was justified by exigent circumstances. United States v. McCabe, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 12549 (9th Cir. July 2, 2014)*:
OH2: Dive to floor on opening door was exigency
When the door to defendant’s hotel room was opened, his dive toward the floor was exigent circumstances where they already suspected he was armed. State v. Peck, 2014-Ohio-2820, 2014 Ohio App. LEXIS 2760 (2d Dist. June 27, 2014). Officers came … Continue reading
CA7: Entry to arrest for at best disorderly conduct was unreasonable
Officers called to a clearly non-violent domestic shouting match had no exigency or other reason to enter plaintiff’s home and arrest him. All the facts and circumstances showed that he was unarmed and he wasn’t a threat. Hawkins v. Bowersock, … Continue reading
OH5: Not necessary to have issuing magistrate at suppression hearing as witness; what does that add?
The trial court didn’t abuse its discretion in quashing the subpoena for testimomy from the issuing magistrate because it would add little or nothing to the suppression hearing. State v. McElfresh, 2014-Ohio-2605, 2014 Ohio App. LEXIS 2549 (5th Dist. June … Continue reading
WI: Search of a backpack for sawed-off shotgun was based on exigency
Search of a backpack for a sawed-off shotgun was justified by exigent circumstances. The officer was already investigating when the report was received that there likely was such a weapon involved. Requiring a search warrant at that point was completely … Continue reading
D.Utah: Domestic disturbance call of man with gun justified entry
The officer’s entry into the home on a domestic disturbance call where defendant was allegedly armed and wouldn’t come out was based on exigency and his wife’s consent. United States v. Avalos, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78886 (D. Utah June … Continue reading
TX14: No per se rule on exigency for DUI blood draw; state carries burden
Defendant’s blood draw in this DUI case violated the Fourth Amendment for lack of any exigent circumstances. Under McNeely, mere passage of time is no longer enough. There is no per se rule that the time to investigate an accident … Continue reading