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- TX: If electronic search was illegal, it was harmless
- CA: Two SWs for ballots alleging no crime
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- W.D.Pa.: Def can’t repackage a losing 4A standing claim into a due process claim
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Feedspot’s Best Legal Blogs and Websites 2023-2026,
also, firm website Top 90 Criminal Law Blogs 2026 -
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
Latest Slip Opinions:
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Foreign Intell.Surv.Ct.
FDsys, many district courts, other federal courts
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State courts (and some USDC opinions)
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
Research Links:
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Solicitor General's site
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Briefs online (but no amicus briefs)
Oyez Project (NWU)
"On the Docket"–Medill
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S.Ct. Com't'ry: Law.com
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General (many free):
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F.R.Crim.P. 41
www.fd.org
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
DOJ Computer Search Manual (2009) (pdf)
Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
Privacy Foundation
Electronic Frontier Foundation
NACDL’s Domestic Drone Information Center
Electronic Privacy Information Center
Criminal Appeal (post-conviction) (9th Cir.)
Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Computer and cloud searches
Tech Crunch: Expert Witness For Silk Road Suggests FBI Lied About How They Accessed Back-End Servers
Tech Crunch: Expert Witness For Silk Road Suggests FBI Lied About How They Accessed Back-End Server by John Biggs: According to a court document released today, expert witness Joshua J. Horowitz, a lawyer and tech expert, believes the FBI is … Continue reading
NYTimes: Editorial: Smartwatches and Weak Privacy Rules
NYTimes: Editorial: Smartwatches and Weak Privacy Rules: It’s true that the devices could help some people lead healthier lives. The problem is that most of the medical and personal information collected by fitness trackers and apps is not protected by … Continue reading
The Hill: Microsoft digs in on digital privacy
The Hill: Microsoft digs in on digital privacy by Julian Hattem: Microsoft and the DOJ are squaring off in a case with drastic ramifications for digital privacy.
Law.com: Microsoft Braces for Long Battle Over U.S. Warrant
Law.com: Microsoft Braces for Long Battle Over U.S. Warrant by Andrew Ramonas: Microsoft Corp. and its allies have prepared for a long battle in the courts and in Congress over a 1986 electronic communications law as the technology giant fights … Continue reading
Ars Technica: Obama administration says the world’s servers are ours
Ars Technica: Obama administration says the world’s servers are ours by David Kravets: In essence, President Barack Obama’s administration claims that any company with operations in the United States must comply with valid warrants for data, even if the content … Continue reading
N.D.Cal.: TOS agreement didn’t create an objective reasonable expectation of privacy
There is no reasonable expectation of privacy in one’s IP address from discovery by the government. Here, it was by the use of a packet sniffer. Also, the software’s terms of service might create a subjective expectation of privacy, but … Continue reading
S.D.Fla.: GFE applies to overbreadth questions, too
A child pornography warrant was not overbroad as to the computers and a Dropbox account. Even it if was, the offending portion would be severed. Here, nothing was seized under the allegedly overbroad phrase. And, even if it was, the … Continue reading
NYTimes: Facebook Bid to Shield Data From the Law Fails, So Far
NYTimes: Facebook Bid to Shield Data From the Law Fails, So Far by Vindu Goel and James C. McKinley Jr.: In confidential legal documents unsealed on Wednesday, Facebook argues that Manhattan prosecutors last summer violated the constitutional right of its … Continue reading
MA: Where def already admitted ownership of computer, Fifth Amd no bar to providing passwords
Where the defendant has already admitted that the computers are his, he can be compelled to provide the encryption password, and the Fifth Amendment is not violated. Commonwealth v. Gelfgatt, 468 Mass. 512, 11 N.E.3d 605 (2014): The Commonwealth contends … Continue reading
CA2: Keeping nonresponsive computer files long after search became a general warrant
The government’s keeping three hard drives for 2½ years including many files that were not responsive to the search warrant was unreasonable because it became a de facto general warrant. “Instead, we consider a more limited question: whether the Fourth … Continue reading
CA3: Use of MoocherHunter to isolate unauthorized wifi signal usage did not violate privacy
Using MoocherHunter software to see who was using another person’s wifi internet connection to download child pornography was not a search. After officers established that the signal was strongest from defendant’s apartment, they got a search warrant for his apartment … Continue reading
MA: Reasonable delay in finishing search of cell phone with SW is permissible
Delay in searching a cell phone with a warrant is governed by the rules of searching computers with warrants, and a reasonable delay doesn’t void the search. Commonwealth v. Ericson, 85 Mass. App. Ct. 326 (May 23, 2014):
New Law Review Article: Abidor v. Napolitano: Suspicionless Cell Phone and Laptop “Strip” Searches at the Border Compromise the Fourth and Fifth Amendments
Abidor v. Napolitano: Suspicionless Cell Phone and Laptop “Strip” Searches at the Border Compromise the Fourth and Fifth Amendments, Adam Lamparello & Charles E. MacLean, 108 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 280 (2014). Abstract: Technology has outpaced the law, and … Continue reading
CA9: Applying a functional reasonableness analysis, the 21 day delay in getting a SW after computer seizure was reasonable
In a child pornography case, defendant’s computer was held for 21 days before a search warrant was obtained, and he moved to suppress. On the totality, the court finds the delay reasonable and did not substantially interfere with defendant’s possessory … Continue reading
WaPo: Updates on Magistrate Judge Facciola’s cases
WaPo: Updates on Magistrate Judge Facciola’s cases by Orin Kerr: I’ve blogged several times about Magistrate Judge Facciola’s recent opinions denying government applications for warrants and court orders involving digital evidence. Here are three updates for readers who are following … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: Jones doesn’t create a REP in a computer with peer to peer software that lets the police in
“Several courts have rejected the application of Jones to the investigation of file sharing programs,” United States v. Brashear, Criminal No. 4:11-CR-0062, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 163865, 2013 WL 6065326, at *3 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 18, 2013) (citations omitted), and … Continue reading
PC World: Department of Justice wants expanded permission to hack and search remote computers
PC World: Department of Justice wants expanded permission to hack and search remote computers by Grant Gross: The U.S. Department of Justice wants new authority to hack and search remote computers during investigations, saying the new rules are needed because … Continue reading
E.D.Mo.: Consent to search a computer includes its external hard drive
Consent to search a computer includes its external hard drive. United States v. Beckmann, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62950 (E.D. Mo. May 7, 2014) R&R 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63156 (E.D. Mo. March 14, 2014). Plaintiff admittedly refused successive requests … Continue reading