September 2026 S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Archives
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Recent Posts
- WaPo: Americans have turned against police cameras that track license plates, new survey shows
- W.D.Tex.: What is the duty of the neutral and detached magistrate?
- D.Me.: Yes, more investigation could have been done, but there’s still PC on what there was
- CA3: Brady doesn’t apply to SW materials
- E.D.Mich.: Person a cell phone was given to as gift could consent to search
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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To search Search and Seizure on Lexis.com $ -
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General (many free):
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F.R.Crim.P. 41
www.fd.org
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Resources
FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA Agents Manual (2002) (download)
DOJ Computer Search Manual (2009) (pdf)
Stringrays (ACLU No. Cal.) (pdf)
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
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NACDL’s Domestic Drone Information Center
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Criminal Appeal (post-conviction) (9th Cir.)
Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs. 
Category Archives: Good faith exception
D.R.I.: CSLI warrant lacked PC and GFE not applied
In what may be a first, the District of Rhode Island suppresses both CSLI and an apartment search warrant for lack of probable cause and then declines to apply the good faith exception. United States v. Ramos, 2019 U.S. Dist. … Continue reading
Leon and the good faith exception is 35 today
Today is the 35th anniversary of United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984), fittingly decided in 1984. As I related many years ago here, I did a CLE for Memphis prosecutors about a year later on how to litigate … Continue reading
CA5: GFE saves search of cell phone seized when not specified in SW
A juvenile probation officer started an investigation into whether girls under his supervision were being pimped out. Substantial evidence was developed that concluded they were. A search warrant was obtained for defendant’s property, and computers were mentioned for seizure but … Continue reading
C.D.Ill.: Def’s name and address aren’t constitutionally required to be in the SW
Defendant’s 2255 claim that his name and address weren’t in the search warrant doesn’t state any ground for relief because neither is constitutionally required. Lopez v. United States, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 105807 (C.D. Ill. June 25, 2019). The affidavit … Continue reading
E.D.Mich.: The affidavit for SW didn’t show nexus, but it wasn’t so lacking that GFE still didn’t apply
The court concludes that the government lacked nexus to defendant’s home for the search warrant because the proof was just lacking. It came down to two cases with similar but still sufficiently different facts reaching seemingly contradictory results on nexus. … Continue reading
OH4: In applying GFE, court isn’t bound by the “four corners” rule because Leon requires “all the circumstances” be considered
The affidavit for search warrant was lacking probable cause, but it wasn’t “so lacking” that the good faith exception did not apply. Also, the “four corners” rule doesn’t bar a trial court from considering “all the circumstances” in deciding whether … Continue reading
CA6 applies GFE to Carpenter on remand, and he still loses
The SCA was the law prior to Carpenter, so the good faith exception applies. From the date of Carpenter, the Fourth Amendment applies: “Carpenter II confirmed that the SCA does not immunize a government officer’s collection of CSLI from the … Continue reading
AZ: Choice of law, exclusionary rule, and GFE
“¶1 Don Jacob Havatone appeals from his convictions and sentences for two counts of aggravated driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor (‘DUI’), one count of aggravated assault, one count of endangerment, and four counts of misdemeanor assault. Because a … Continue reading
CA7: Def’s texting photos of a firearm to others that police saw was an independent source for the search
Defendant had texted a copy of a photograph of his AK-47 on his cell phone to another, and the police saw it. That gave cause and an independent source to search the phone for it. “We agree with the district … Continue reading
CA6 (en banc): The question of PC isn’t even close, and the GFE applies
The question of probable cause isn’t even close, and the good faith exception applies. United States v. Christian, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 16322 (6th Cir. May 31, 2019) (en banc). (The dissent is concerned about use of criminal history as … Continue reading
N.D.Okla.: While an attachment was missing from the official SW it was at the scene of the search, so no prejudice
The government conceded that Attachment C to the mail search warrant was missing from it, and thus that it led to a potentially overbroad search. The search team, however, all had copies of Attachment C, and it was at the … Continue reading
E.D.Ky.: Officer consulting prosecutor about SW before issuance is a factor in GFE
The officer’s consulting a prosecutor on the search warrant isn’t conclusive on good faith, but it is an important factor. United States v. Anderson, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90265 (E.D. Ky. May 29, 2019). There was probable cause for the … Continue reading
DC: To get the benefit of Heien mistake of law, there has to be something that shows the law mistakenly applied actually applied, and here it didn’t
A D.C. police car stopped, backed up, and four officers got out of the car, walked over to defendant, and told him to “get up.” A reasonable person would not have believed he was free to leave, and this stop … Continue reading
N-M Ct.Crim.App.: Lack of CO’s actual authority to issue search authorization fatal to search; no GFE
The Court Martial judge erred in concluding that a particular major had authority to authorize searches of appellant’s body, office, and personal property because she was not a “commander” for the purposes of Mil. R. Evid. 315 even though her … Continue reading
OK: State blood draw statute was suspect, but GFE applies
The state blood draw is constitutionally suspect, but the court doesn’t have to go there. The officer’s actions in relying on it was still good faith. Stewart v. State, 2019 OK CR 6, 2019 Okla. Crim. App. LEXIS 8 (May … Continue reading
M.D.Fla.: CSLI order 3½ months before Carpenter was valid under GFE; officers not expected to know what SCOTUS will do
CSLI order issued 3½ months before Carpenter was valid under good faith exception. Officers were not expected to know what SCOTUS would do. United States v. Turner, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 81011 (M.D. Fla. May 14, 2019), adopted, 2019 U.S. … Continue reading
N.D.Tex.: Nexus & GFE: Officer’s experience drug dealers keep stuff at home alone is not enough; some fact connecting home required
Officer’s experience alone that drugs and paraphernalia are often kept at the alleged dealer’s home does not satisfy the good faith exception. There must also be some facts connecting the house to the drug offense away from the home. United … Continue reading
W.D.Ky.: Complete failure of nexus was no PC and even GFE won’t save it
The affidavit for search warrant here fails to show nexus to defendant’s property. Moreover, it can’t even be inferred from the CI’s statements. “The affidavit presently before this Court offers no such supplemental information. The affidavit does not describe a … Continue reading
D.Minn.: No nexus whatsoever between offense and evidence sought and place to be searched; therefore, no GFE
There was no nexus shown at all between the affidavit for the search warrant between the evidence sought and the place to be searched. The good faith exception doesn’t rescue the search here because the affidavit is, in fact, so … Continue reading