CA4: Slightly changing argument on appeal dooms appellate review under plain error

Defendant’s arguments in the trial court were not the same ones made on appeal, so his appeal is governed by the plain error standard, and he doesn’t succeed for lack of a record supporting his argument. He was shot during what was found to be a Terry stop with guns drawn. Under Graham v. Connor, it appeared, on this record, it was justified enough to support the district court’s conclusion. United States v. Hill, 471 Fed. Appx. 143 (4th Cir. 2012)*:

Hill argues that when we weigh the three factors enumerated in Graham — the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether the suspect was actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight — it is apparent the officers “did not have an objectively reasonable ground to shoot Hill.” Appellant’s Br. at 25. As to the severity of the crime, he argues it weighs in his favor because at no point did the officers suspect Hill of having committed a crime; other than knowing that Bennett had written “help” on the receipt and herself carried a gun, all their information came from their observations of Hill inside the car. As to the third factor, he argues, Hill was not actively resisting arrest or attempting to flee.

The reasonableness of the officers’ actions thus comes down to whether Hill’s movements inside the car rendered reasonable the officers’ belief that Hill posed an imminent threat to them, justifying the use of deadly force. The government argues the officers were justified in interpreting Hill’s movements as evidence that he was reaching for a gun. Hill argues that belief was unreasonable because “the movement of a suspect’s hands, without more, while he is under arrest is insufficient to give rise to an objectively reasonable basis for the police to use deadly force.” Appellant’s Br. at 26. Only if “the police had seen him with a gun, or had reliable and specific information that he was known to be armed,” might this have been a “significant factor,” he argues. Id. He also points out that the officers’ descriptions of Hill’s precise movements were inconsistent, and that it was Bennett, not Hill, whom the officers knew was armed.

Here again, our problem is the absence of adequate information to find that it was “obvious” that Hill did not pose an imminent threat of serious physical harm to the officers. Had Hill raised these issues in the district court, the risk of non-persuasion on these issues would have been cast upon the government to justify a warrantless seizure. See, e.g., United States v. Basinski, 226 F.3d 829, 833 (7th Cir. 2000); United States v. Burke, 605 F. Supp. 2d 688, 693-94 (D. Md. 2009). But under the plain error standard we apply here, Hill must shoulder the burden to prove the contrary. Without findings by the district court on these and related issues, and particularly inasmuch as the surveillance video does not show Hill’s movements in the car, we may not plausibly notice plain error on this record and we decline to do so.