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- D.Alaska: With a SW for a cell phone, officers should ask, not make, def to open the phone with his finger
- CA2: Statement there was CP on computer was PC to seize it for a SW
- S.D.Iowa: Cell phone search for info on drugs and guns didn’t need second warrant when sex offenses stumbled upon
- N.D.N.Y.: DNA by SW in FL in CODIS could be used in NY; defense counsel not IAC for not making def’s argument
- D.Ariz.: Smell of alcohol in the car on Navajo Nation was PC
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Feedspot’s Best Legal Blogs and Websites 2023-2026,
also, firm website Top 90 Criminal Law Blogs 2026 -

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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
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“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs.
Rutherford Institute challenges gun ownership as dispensing with knock-and-announce
CA9: Gov’t failed to prove necessity of impoundment of vehicle leading to inventory
The government failed to support inventory after impoundment by showing it was even necessary. All the record shows is the street names in Los Angeles where the vehicle was stopped, and including Google street maps in the brief is rejected as a method of supplementing the record on appeal. Because of the district court’s prejudicial comments about the suppression issue at the hearing, the case is remanded and will be reassigned to another judge for a new suppression hearing. United States v. Burgos, 550 Fed. Appx. 484 (9th Cir. 2013):
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The Atlantic: The War on Terror’s Jedi Mind Trick
The Atlantic: The War on Terror’s Jedi Mind Trick by Julian Sanchez:
OH7: Search of wallet during a frisk for weapons unreasonable
Defendant was fidgety and he was removed from the car and frisked. His wallet was removed. He was allowed back in the car but was still fidgety [there was stuff in the backseat that would have made it uncomfortable]. He consented to a second frisk. Yet, no weapon was ever found. The officer finally searched his wallet admitting that he was unconcerned about a weapon. The search of the wallet was unreasonable. State v. Dunlap, 2013-Ohio-5637, 2013 Ohio App. LEXIS 5898 (7th Dist. December 17, 2013).
Defense counsel was not ineffective for not filing a motion to suppress alleging third-party consent was coerced when defense counsel was never informed of any facts by the defendant to support that argument. The police reports said it was by consent, and the defendant and his witnesses didn’t contradict it. Kinsella v. State, 2013 ND 238, 2013 N.D. LEXIS 249 (December 19, 2013). [Note: Doesn’t this beg the question of defense counsel’s duty to inquire into whether the police reports were correct? After all, the writer of the police report isn’t about to put in there that he “let me search, but I might have coerced consent.” When debriefing the client, it is defense counsel’s duty to at least ask about the voluntariness of consent and statements and the legality of searches.]
This blog just passed the 10,000 posts mark on this platform
I don’t even know how many on the prior version. This version started in February 2006. That’s only an average of 106 a month for the duration. For the last seven months, thanks to the NSA revelations, it averages 154 a month, a little over five a day.
eff.org: Landmark Decision Important Beyond NSA Phone Records Collection
eff.org: Landmark Decision Important Beyond NSA Phone Records Collection by Hanni Fakhoury:
ID: Jardines doesn’t prevent knock-and-talks going to the front door
Jardines doesn’t prevent knock-and-talks going to the front door. Here, officers without a dog could smell marijuana. State v. Howard, 2013 Ida. App. LEXIS 92 (December 19, 2013):
NJ civil eviction process led to reasonable entry for eviction
Defendant lived in New Jersey public housing with his mother, and she died. He was not a tenant on the lease. A couple of months later, the Housing Authority initiated eviction proceedings and served an eviction warrant by sliding it under the door, giving anybody inside four days to clear out or apply to a court for relief. After the four days, the Housing Authority entered and found drugs in an open shoebox on the bed. The entry was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment and the N.J. Constitution, and he lost his reasonable expectation of privacy in the premises by not moving to protect it when the court ordered eviction notice was served, and he failed to counter it. State v. Hinton, 216 N.J. 211, 78 A.3d 553 (2013). Syllabus:
Cal.4th: DNA taking is reasonable on balance, and can be used to solve cold cases
In California, DNA is taken from all felony arrestees, and defendant’s was put into the state CODIS and he was linked to cold case burglaries and sex offenses. The seizure and use of his DNA was reasonable. Balancing the privacy interests in what part of the DNA is used and how against the governmental interests, this taking and use of DNA is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. People v. Lowe, 221 Cal. App. 4th 1276 (4th Dist. November 15, 2013), published December 4, 2013:
AR: Where arrest was within territorial jurisdiction, the fact the breath test was outside jurisdiction isn’t a ground to suppress
The arrest was within the officer’s jurisdiction, but a breathalyzer administered outside of the officer’s jurisdiction was not a Fourth Amendment violation. Pickering v. State, 2012 Ark. 280, 412 S.W.3d 143 (2012).*
Defendant apparently was snitched off to the police by his own passenger that he was wanted on a warrant. The officer ran the defendant’s name and found the warrant. That was a sufficient basis for a stop. The CI’s reliability, if it’s even an issue, was established by finding the warrant or was mooted by the warrant. United States v. Beals, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84919 (E.D. Cal. June 19, 2012).*
On de novo review, the officer’s version is more credible, even though he admitted he was in the gang unit conducting a traffic stop and “was not well-versed in the traffic code.” United States v. Shipp, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 85924 (E.D. Wis. June 21, 2012).*
AZ: Plain smell applies to a backpack on the person
Defendant was stopped in a high crime area on a bicycle at night with no light. He was nervous and couldn’t account for his possession of the backpack he had. It was reasonable then to separate him from the backpack for safety reasons when the officers patted him down. The officers then had plain smell of marijuana from the backpack for its search. State v. Baggett, 664 Ariz. Adv. Rep.17, 306 P.3d 81 (2013).
Officers had a search warrant for a cell phone that was alleged to have images of child pornography on them. Defendant was questioned but not in custody when he admitted to having images of child pornography on his cell phone. United States v. Conder, 529 Fed. Appx. 618 (6th Cir. 2013).*
Defendant’s stop for potential traffic violations was without reasonable suspicion, and nothing specific can be identified. Suppressed. State v. Stanley, 2013 Iowa App. LEXIS 741 (July 10, 2013).*
ND: Parked camper with no attached tow vehicle was still subject to automobile exception
A camper parked on commercial property, “not in a place regularly used for residential purposes,” was subject to the automobile exception although it was parked, no vehicle was attached, and electric cords ran to it. State v. Otto, 2013 ND 239, 2013 N.D. LEXIS 242 (December 19, 2013):
AL: Roadblock essentially as a show of force in violent neighborhood was constitutionally set up and operated
Roadblock in a “violent” area sustained where it was “for the purpose of checking driver’s license, insurance, seat belts, make sure there were no drunk drivers, that kind of thing.” It was apparently set up just to have a police presence in the area. Defendant was stopped, and one thing led to another and drugs were found. The roadblock passed constitutional muster for planning and operation. Woolen v. State, 2013 Ala. Crim. App. LEXIS 111 (December 20, 2013):
NJ: SW in NJ for OH crime must be litigated in OH
While New Jersey law provides that a search warrant can be issued on the request of another state for a crime in that other state, the remedy of suppression lies in the other state, not New Jersey. They also can’t get to it by seeking return of property either. In re Search Warrants of VS2 Worldwide Communs., L.L.C., 2013 N.J. Super. Unpub. LEXIS 2992 (December 20, 2013) (unpublished; but it shouldn’t be).
Defendant was followed by the police because a headlight was out, and then he made what the officer considered an evasive move by quickly turning into a driveway. The officers pulled in behind and got out to talk to the occupants, one on each side. The trial court’s finding of consent to search the car is supported by the evidence. State v. Spivey, 2013-Ohio-5581, 2013 Ohio App. LEXIS 5840 (8th Dist. December 19, 2013).*
Somebody running from car when it was stopped + furtive movement = reasonable suspicion. United States v. Harris, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 179111 (S.D. N.Y. December 20, 2013).*
W.D.Okla.: That multiple names surfaced in robbery investigation wasn’t material where one man who knew def. ID’ed him
Callers to a crime tip line ID’ed multiple suspects as a bank robber, but one said he’d known defendant for 10 years and he was sure it was him. Omitting the others was not material for Franks purposes. United States v. Richardson, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 178751 (W.D. Okla. December 20, 2013):
N.D.Ill.: Tobacco sales are highly regulated under Burger
Tobacco sales are highly regulated under Burger. By undertaking to sell tobacco products, the business is subject to regulatory searches over whether the cigarettes are taxed. United States v. Hamad, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 178720 (N.D. Ill. December 20, 2013):
MSNBC: How Sotomayor undermined Obama’s NSA [clearly an overstatement]
MSNBC: How Sotomayor undermined Obama’s NSA by Adam Serwer
CNET: Why more people are training their cell phones on police
CNET: Why more people are training their cell phones on police by Chris Matyszczyk:
A police officer tries to stop a man washing his car in his own driveway. If it wasn’t filmed on a smartphone, few would believe it.
Grits for Breakfast: Thinking through state-level regulation of automatic license plate readers
Grits for Breakfast: Thinking through state-level regulation of automatic license plate readers, http://gritsforbreakfast.blogspot.com/2013/12/thinking-through-state-level-regulation.html?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitzEmail&utm_content=79553&utm_campaign=0:
CA9: Comment on refusing consent was not plain error where no objection
AUSA’s unobjected-to comment in closing argument defendant didn’t consent to taking biological samples in a murder case was not plain error. United States v. Zamastil, 550 Fed. Appx. 446 (9th Cir. 2013):
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