Traffic stop was with a factual basis, but the officer apparently and legally abandoned it to investigate drugs. Using a drug dog within a couple of minutes of the stop was not unreasonable. United States v. Ramsey, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 116195 (E.D. Tenn. November 9, 2009)*:
Defendant does not dispute that only a few minutes elapsed between the stop and the alert by Red. Defendant also appears to concede the stop was not prolonged in order to deploy Red by admitting his argument does not turn on the length of the stop [Doc. 18 at 3]. That Red was deployed within a few minutes of the stop is not determinative of whether the detention was constitutional. Bell, 555 F.3d at 539. The mere two-minute lapse of time between the stop and the deployment of Red, however, certainly bolsters the undisputed video evidence that Officer Curvin had not completed all traffic enforcement acts at the time of the deployment and alert. Thus, I FIND the traffic enforcement purpose of the stop was not concluded during the time Red was deployed and almost immediately alerted, in spite of the officers’ investigatory agenda. No evidence indicates Defendant was detained longer than reasonably necessary to complete the purpose of the stop or that the officers extended the duration of the stop to enable the dog sniff to occur. Therefore, I also FIND the officers acted with diligence and that Defendant was not detained any longer than necessary for the purpose for which he was initially pulled over — traffic enforcement. See, e.g., United States v. Garcia, 496 F.3d 495, 504 (6th Cir. 2007) (“the duration of the stop was reasonable; the canine sniff was performed within a half hour of the stop”); Bell, 555 F.3d at 541 (detention proper where it is no longer than reasonably necessary for officers to complete the purpose of the stop).
Violation of state law in not getting defendant before a state magistrate was not relevant to this case where defendant was promptly charged in federal court, too. The Fourth Amendment governs, not the violation of state law. United States v. Mott, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 116117 (E.D. Tenn. December 14, 2009).*
Defendant did not have an expectation of privacy in shipping containers stored on property belonging to another. The property was deeded to another, and the defendant sought to show the true financial relationship between them as to who had a mortgage and who owed what, but it did not overcome the fact that another owned the property and had control over it. The containers were left unattended, and, by all accounts, were abandoned. United States v. Swift, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 116161 (D. Haw. December 14, 2009).*
The seizure in this case depends on a search incident in violation of Gant, so claimant’s judgment on the pleadings is granted. United States v. $14,448.00 United States Currency, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 116184 (E.D. Mo. December 14, 2009).*
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." —Me
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well." –Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others)
“I am still learning.” —Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)).
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848)
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." —Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." —Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today." — Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property." —Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment." —United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth." —Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable." —Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." —Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” —United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.” —United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." —Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969)
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp]
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.” – John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." —Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
