The officer’s finding of a false compartment during a consent search was probable cause. Revocation of consent at that point was too late. Espinoza v. State, 2009 Ark. App. 636, 2009 Ark. App. LEXIS 800 (September 30, 2009).*
Defendant did not testify at the suppression hearing, and he failed to prove standing. People v Lacey, 66 A.D.3d 704, 887 N.Y.S.2d 158 (2d Dept. 2009).*
Police got an anonymous letter about drug activity at defendant’s house, so they went to do a knock-and-talk. When she opened the door, the officers could smell marijuana. She then consented to a search. State v. Prosen, 19 So. 3d 594 (La. App. 3d Cir. 2009).*
Defendant lived in a high crime area, and he was the subject of a tip. The officer saw the police and fled into his own place. The officer gave chase, but got to the door and could not get in. Finally, he did, and it was unreasonable. State v. Harris, 21 So. 3d 437 (La. App. 3d Cir. 2009)*:
Although we do not find flagrant misconduct by the police, the fact remains that we do not know enough about the initial tip to find it sufficiently reliable. We do not find Defendant’s flight from his own front yard to his own room to be particularly suspicious even though the yard and his room exist within a high crime area and the yard contained possible drug paraphernalia. We cannot determine, based on the record, whether Defendant willingly opened the door to his room. We cannot know if Defendant consented to be escorted from his room or the temporal proximity of this escort to the ultimate consent to search. From Deputy Henson’s testimony, it is clear that Defendant did not willingly give his wallet to the officer. There is also no testimony regarding whether Defendant was told he did not have to comply with the officer’s request to search his wallet.
We agree with the trial court that Deputy Henson obtained consent to search the Defendant’s wallet. However, considering the officers’ conduct, and the many unknown facts surrounding this incident, we must conclude that the State failed to meet its burden to prove not only that Defendant gave his consent, but also that the consent was free and voluntary.
Defendant’s car was blocked by an officer, and he asked the officer to let him leave, which the officer did not. Instead, he was ordered out of the vehicle, and that became a seizure. State v. Johnson, 2009 Ohio 5377, 2009 Ohio App. LEXIS 4532 (8th Dist. October 8, 2009)*:
[*P19] However, when Detective Rasberry ordered appellee out of the vehicle, the encounter could no longer be classified as one where an individual would feel free to disregard the officer’s commands or feel free to leave. Detective Rasberry ordered appellee out of the car and opened the door of the car appellant was in. These actions are not indicative of a consensual request. Appellee was seized before Detective Rasberry opened the car door. As such, this interaction must be classified as an investigatory stop.
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." —Me
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well." –Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others)
“I am still learning.” —Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)).
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848)
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." —Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." —Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today." — Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property." —Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment." —United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth." —Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable." —Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." —Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” —United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.” —United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." —Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969)
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp]
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.” – John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." —Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
