Miranda does not apply to questions at the border (here, JFK Customs). United States v. Miller, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62396 (E.D. N.Y. July 21, 2009):
Routine questioning by custom officers at border entry points does not constitute custodial interrogation and therefore does not implicate Miranda. United States v. Silva, 715 F.2d 43, 47 (2d Cir. 1983) (holding that questions directed to a person’s citizenship, the length and purpose of her travel, the items she was carrying and what she had to declare were routine questions necessary to protect the nation’s borders and, thus, did not require Miranda warnings). The mere fact that a defendant is not forthcoming with his true pedigree information does not turn a routine admissibility interview into a non-routine interview. See Tabbaa v. Chertoff, 509 F.3d 89, 100 (2d Cir. 2007) (“[B]order crossers cannot, by their own non-compliance, turn an otherwise routine search into a non-routine one.”). Similarly, the fact that a defendant’s responses may have evidentiary value in the charges against him is, without more, insufficient to trigger a Miranda requirement when the questions answered are part of a routine immigration inquiry. See United States v. Adegbite, 877 F.2d 174 (2d Cir. 1989) (declining to suppress a defendant’s admission that he was the person named in an arrest warrant, even where the admission would have evidentiary value in the case against him, because the agents were exercising prudence in asking the question before executing the warrant).
Alleged illegal seizure of a notebook by opening it during an alleged illegal administrative search was minimal and impossible to separately award damages for. It is subsumed within the illegal search issue. Elkins v. District of Columbia, 636 F. Supp. 2d 29 (D. D.C. 2009).*
Officers who entered after the first officers were entitled to assume that the first officers were there lawfully, relying on Groh. Arias v. United States Immigration & Customs Enforcement Div. of the Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61519 (D. Minn. July 17, 2009).*
Search of car was by consent. By the time the officer went under the hood, he had PC. United States v. Cathey, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61836 (W.D. Ky. July 10, 2009).*
The actions the officers saw did not amount to reasonable suspicion of criminality. They later learned of some suspicious things, but they didn’t have it when the defendant was stopped and questioned. And, even that was really thin: “simply too innocuous to be of value in ascertaining the propriety of any Terry stop of Rios-Carreon on July 29, 2008.” United States v. Rios-Carreon, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62108 (W.D. Mo. May 26, 2009).*
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." —Me
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well." –Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others)
“I am still learning.” —Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)).
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848)
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." —Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." —Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today." — Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property." —Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment." —United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth." —Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable." —Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." —Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” —United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.” —United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." —Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969)
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp]
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.” – John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime." —Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
