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Recent Posts
- VA: 12 second question about drugs didn’t unreasonably prolong the stop that was going to take a while anyway
- E.D.Tenn.: Application for SW was considered in detention ruling
- TN: RS didn’t develop to continue stop; second stop based on first suppressed
- CA4: Traffic stop immediately became firearms investigation; suppressed
- CA10: Disagreement over spelling of street name didn’t make warrant fail particularity; GFE at least would apply
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2015-17) (then discontinued)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com
Search and Seizure (6th ed. 2025)
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-26,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 600,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 50,000 posts since 2003 (29,000 on WordPress as of 12/31/25) -
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Fourth Amendment cases, citations, and links -
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Outline of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
--Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
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Section 1983 Blog -
"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) -
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted
intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by
government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose
it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards, Let it Bleed (album, 1969) -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“Children grow up thinking the adult world is ordered, rational, fit for purpose. It’s crap. Becoming a man is realising that it’s all rotten. Realising how to celebrate that rottenness, that’s freedom.”
– John le Carré, The Night Manager (1993), line by Richard Roper -
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948) -
The book was dedicated in the first (1982) and sixth (2025) editions to Justin William Hall (1975-2025). He was three when this project started in 1978.
Website design by Wally Waller, Colorado Springs.
Monthly Archives: September 2017
M.D.Pa.: Even if Carpenter prevails in SCOTUS, it doesn’t matter pre-Carpenter
Even if Carpenter goes in favor of the privacy interest, it has no effect on CSLI searches that occurred before. A bench warrant that showed up for defendant’s arrest justified a search incident of his person. There was also probable … Continue reading
CO: A sealed box received in the mail could be searched under inventory of a car
Defendant’s vehicle was impounded because he was arrested for DUI at a gas pump. In the inventory, the officer saw parts (but not all) of an apparent methamphetamine lab. Also in the car was a sealed box received in the … Continue reading
NYTimes: Witness Warrants Were Misused in Queens and Elsewhere, Court Papers Say
NYTimes: Witness Warrants Were Misused in Queens and Elsewhere, Court Papers Say by Alan Feurer:
IN: Stop on erroneous BMV record registration expired was still reasonable under Heien
The officer here was driving around running LPNs, and defendant’s came back from BMV as “expired” even though that day was the last day of the registration, October 15, 2015. He stopped defendant, and several warrants surfaced on defendant. The … Continue reading
CA7: Officer’s “sucker-punch” and two minute beating of a “suspect” for no apparent reason violated 4A and supported officer’s civil rights conviction
Officer’s “sucker-punch” of store clerk then beating him for no apparent reason for two minutes justified his conviction for violating the store clerk’s Fourth Amendment rights. United States v. Brown, 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 17403 (7th Cir. Sept. 8, 2017):
OH has two on exigency: meth lab and a burglary in progress
911 call of people inside a neighbor’s home with flashlights was at least reasonable suspicion of a burglary in process to justify a warrantless entry. State v. Head, 2017-Ohio-7473, 2017 Ohio App. LEXIS 3787 (5th Dist. Sept. 6, 2017). The … Continue reading
W.D.Tex.: Quarles permitted unMirandized question about whether def was armed
A Charles and the public safety exception, a person stopped can be asked whether he’s armed. Here, defendant wasn’t in custody when he admitted he had a gun, and the question was valid anyway. United States v. Esparza, 2017 U.S. … Continue reading
Cal.App.Div., San Diego: Warrantless testing of second blood vial for drugs violated 4A
Two vials of defendant’s blood were drawn under implied consent. He was told the second would be kept for him, but it was separately tested for drugs. The second warrantless search of the blood violated the Fourth Amendment. People v. … Continue reading
Cal.1: State failed to show inventory was conducted in accord with policy or that impoundment was even justified
The state failed to show that the inventory of defendant’s car was undertaken in accord with police inventory policy. Under California law, the impoundment itself must be justified. People v. Wallace, 2017 Cal. App. LEXIS 775 (1st Dist. Sept. 7, … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: Def failed in his burden of showing he was an overnight guest
Defendant claimed standing as an overnight guest, but nothing in the evidence supported that. He has the burden and he failed to show anything. Even if the court assumes he was there overnight, he didn’t show he was an “overnight … Continue reading
CA5: SOL on 4A claim under § 1983 starts with the search and seizure
The statute of limitations for a Fourth Amendment claim under § 1983 starts from the time of the search and seizure. Even if tolling were to apply here while plaintiff challenged his conviction, the case was filed way too late. … Continue reading
Cal.2: Police capturing loose horse on highway could enter curtilage to return it to corral
Police responded to a loose horse on the highway, and, once it was under control it was taken back to defendant’s property, and that justified entry into the curtilage. People v. Williams, 2017 Cal. App. LEXIS 777 (2d Dist. Sept. … Continue reading
The Economist: What machines can tell from your face
The Economist: What machines can tell from your face Life in the age of facial recognition
Library of Law and Liberty: The Legislative History of the Fourth Amendment: Unreasonable Searches and General Warrants
Library of Law and Liberty: The Legislative History of the Fourth Amendment: Unreasonable Searches and General Warrants by Mike Rappaport:
CA11: State court allegedly applying wrong standard isn’t denial of “full and fair opportunity to litigate” in state court
Just because the state court is alleged to be wrong and applied the wrong standard, that doesn’t make the defendant was denied a full and fair opportunity to litigate in state court under Stone v. Powell. Sheffield v. Sec’y, Dep’t … Continue reading
Cal.4: DNA properly seized when crime was a felony wasn’t unreasonable after Prop 47 retroactively made it a misdemeanor
Prop 47 that retroactively reduced some felonies to misdemeanors does not mean that DNA reasonably collected back when it was a felony was unreasonably seized at the time and didn’t retroactively become unreasonable. People v. Harris, 2017 Cal. App. LEXIS … Continue reading
WV: Lawful traffic stop led to reasonable seizure of vehicle registration
The stop made for a traffic offense lawfully led to the seizure of defendant’s vehicle registration. State v. Corbin, 2017 W. Va. LEXIS 651 (Sept. 5, 2017)* (memorandum). The parties base the motion to suppress solely on the police reports, … Continue reading
NC: Police withholding exculpatory evidence found in a SW from DA that undermined PC stated § 1983 and malicious prosecution claim
Police withholding exculpatory information found in a search warrant from the DA that fully undermines the probable cause for a charge states a malicious prosecution claim. A grand jury indictment based on the faulty information doesn’t immunize the officer. Braswell … Continue reading
Lawfare: iOS 11 May Complicate Border Searches
Lawfare: iOS 11 May Complicate Border Searches by Nicholas Weaver: The upcoming iOS 11 makes further changes in order to protect users’ phones, tablets, and iPods from unauthorized access. Phones, however, cannot reliably distinguish between law enforcement, thieves, and hostile … Continue reading
lawfare: Reengineering Surveillance Oversight
lawfare: Reengineering Surveillance Oversight by Siobhan Gorman: This piece is part of a series on Tim Edgar’s new book, “Beyond Snowden.” One of the most important revelations following the disclosures by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden was the … Continue reading