E.D.Wis.: Defendant kicked live-in girlfriend out, and police were aware of most of it; no apparent authority shown

Defendant leased the property and he and his live-in girlfriend got in a serious argument and he kicked her out, pulling her clothes out of the closets. He tried getting her keys from her and that led to an assault charge when they fought over the keys. Defendant adequately revoked his apparent authority to her for her otherwise having an ability to consent. The police were aware of enough of these circumstances to have to inquire further and didn’t. Therefore, she lacked apparent authority. United States v. Jackson, 910 F. Supp. 2d 1146 (E.D. Wis. 2012):

… Thus, before they commenced their search, the police knew that defendant had ordered King out and that she possessed a key only because she had fought off defendant’s effort to retrieve it. These facts do not suggest that King was authorized to consent to a search of defendant’s home.

The officers were also aware of other facts raising red flags. When Knight called King to ask her to look for the gun, she was not at defendant’s home. Nor did she find the gun. Likewise, when Johnson called King to set up a search, King was not at the residence. And when Johnson met King she did not come from inside the house; rather, she, Jamauri and Presha arrived in a car suggesting that the three of them were residing elsewhere. Cf. Ryerson, 545 F.3d at 485 (finding actual and apparent authority when the defendant’s girlfriend left their daughter and her belongings behind after she left). Further, the officers found boxes and bags on the porch and virtually nothing in the living room, indicating that someone had or was moving out.

Finally, it is important to note what the police did not know at the time King consented: they did not know how long King had lived at the residence, whether she was a co-owner or co-lessee, whether she paid any portion of the rent, or whether she performed any household chores. And they didn’t ask. Nor did they check King’s driver’s license or mailing address. Despite the many signs that King no longer lived at the residence, the police made no serious inquiry into her authority. Had they made such an inquiry, they would have discovered that defendant was the sole lessee and that he had a right to revoke her shared authority over the premises. King said nothing suggesting the contrary.

. . .

In the present case, conversely, the officers asked only if King lived at the residence. Despite the red flags raised by the circumstances leading to defendant’s arrest and the officers’ own observations, they asked King nothing about her connection to the premises. Nor did they conduct any independent investigation such as, for example, contacting the landlord or checking utility records. It is also worth noting that no exigency required the police to proceed as they did. The police could easily have obtained a warrant to search the house as they did for the Jeep parked outside. Cf. Ladell, 127 F.3d at 624 (noting that the officers obtained consent during an ongoing domestic violence incident in which the defendant’s sister and mother feared he would shoot someone). In sum, the government fails to meet its burden of showing by a preponderance of evidence that the facts were such that a person of reasonable caution would believe that King had authority to consent to a search of defendant’s residence.