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Recent Posts
- W.D.Wash.: DNA warrant isssued with PC not quashed before execution
- S.D.Ohio: Defense of denial of possession in drug case meant no assertion of standing to challenge the search, so no IAC
- N.D.Okla.: Anticipatory tracking warrant for money counter is without authority and nexus is speculative even if not
- CA9: Supervised release condition of financial disclosure permitted under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and didn’t violate 4A
- N.D.Ohio: Refusing discovery on 4A grounds in forfeiture case results in no standing
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ABA Journal Web 100, Best Law Blogs (2017); ABA Journal Blawg 100 (2015-16) (discontinued 2018)
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer and
Search and seizure law consultant
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact: forhall @ aol.com / The Book
www.johnwesleyhall.com -
© 2003-24,
online since Feb. 24, 2003 Approx. 425,000 visits (non-robot) since 2012 Approx. 45,000 posts since 2003 (26,730+ on WordPress as of 12/31/23) -
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Fourth Amendment cases,
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Congressional Research Service:
--Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
--Overview of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
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"If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't."
—Me -
"Life is not a matter of holding good cards, but of playing a poor hand well."
–Josh Billings (pseudonym of Henry Wheeler Shaw), Josh Billings on Ice, and Other Things (1868) (erroneously attributed to Robert Louis Stevenson, among others) -
“I am still learning.”
—Domenico Giuntalodi (but misattributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti (common phrase throughout 1500's)). -
"Love work; hate mastery over others; and avoid intimacy with the government."
—Shemaya, in the Thalmud -
"It is a pleasant world we live in, sir, a very pleasant world. There are bad people in it, Mr. Richard, but if there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers."
—Charles Dickens, “The Old Curiosity Shop ... With a Frontispiece. From a Painting by Geo. Cattermole, Etc.” 255 (1848) -
"A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced."
—Williams v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold, J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984). -
"The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
—Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961). -
"Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment."
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987). -
"There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater than it is today."
— Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting). -
"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property."
—Entick v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765) -
"It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth Amendment."
—United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) -
"The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth."
—Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring). -
"A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable."
—Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987) -
"For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected."
—Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967) -
“Experience should teach us to be most on guard to protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.”
—United States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting) -
“Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.”
—United States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989) -
"You can't always get what you want / But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need."
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards -
"In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up."
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration camp] -
“You know, most men would get discouraged by now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men!”
---Pepé Le Pew "The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers, is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
—Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)
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Category Archives: Foreign searches
CA2: No 4A extraterritorial jurisdiction over Switzerland enforcing its own law against Americans in Switzerland
An extraterritorial seizure of art work and antiquities in Switzerland of American citizens doesn’t involve the Fourth Amendment. International law has not adopted the Fourth Amendment’s probable cause standard. There is no justification shown for applying the Fourth Amendment to … Continue reading
M.D.Fla.: No 4A protection for non-citizen stopped by CG at sea
A non-citizen on an unflagged boat at sea off Florida had no protection of the Fourth Amendment from a Coast Guard stop. In addition, the stop was based on reasonable suspicion merely from observation. United States v. Perez, 2021 U.S. … Continue reading
M.D.Fla.: Jettisoning packages from vessel in international waters is RS
“The Coast Guard observed Valverde and the crew jettisoning packages from a vessel located in international waters.” This was reasonable suspicion for a stop and boarding. United States v. De La Cruz Valverde, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 225685 (M.D. Fla. … Continue reading
S.D.Fla.: Helping Canada comply with a US MLAT request doesn’t make it a joint venture
Merely helping Canadian law enforcement comply with an MLAT request from the United States was not a joint venture. United States v. Kachkar, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 222738 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 30, 2020). Defendant’s cell phone was seized at the … Continue reading
CA3: Foreign search didn’t violate 4A
“Standing alone, foreign law enforcement officials sharing information gleaned from their own activities with United States authorities — even if cloaked in cooperative terms in agency reports — is not indicative of an impermissible joint venture, and thus, the District … Continue reading
D.P.R.: USMS observing def’s arrest in Dominican Republic didn’t make arresting officers U.S. agents
The USMS observing defendant’s arrest in the Dominican Republic wasn’t enough to make the actions of the arresting officers agents of the United States. United States v. Acevedo-Martinez, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87958 (D. P.R. May 18, 2020):
IL: Failure to show nexus even by inference of def’s connection to premises in SW was a failure of PC
The state failed to show nexus between defendant and the place to be searched that would show that defendant kept drugs on the premises. “To be sure, a judge issuing a search warrant is entitled to draw reasonable inferences from … Continue reading
D.N.J.: Foreign wiretap complied with their law so it was reasonable for 4A purposes; GFE also applied
“While it is clear that a joint venture has not been adequately alleged by Escalante-Melgar, even if a joint venture is assumed in this case, evidence obtained from the Salvadoran wiretaps would still be admissible. … Here, there is no … Continue reading
CA5: Citizen of China on ship stopped on high seas by U.S. officers had no 4A rights
“Liang’s first argument, concerning the denial of a hearing on his motion to suppress evidence, is wholly frivolous. Because Liang is ‘a citizen and resident of [China] with no voluntary attachment to the United States’ and the challenged search occurred … Continue reading
CA11: 49 days for presentment to a USMJ after arrest on the high seas of a foreign national wasn’t unreasonable
“In this drug trafficking case under the MDLEA, we too must follow Verdugo-Urquidez and conclude that defendant Guagua-Alarcon, who is a non U.S. citizen and non-U.S. resident, and who has no significant connection to the United States, cannot challenge under … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: Even if def was beaten in his home country after a search that led to charges here, he doesn’t show it violated international norms
Defendant was subjected to a search in Malaysia for identity theft that he alleged included a beating after the search occurred. That evidence was used in the Northern District of Georgia to prosecute him for aggravated identity theft. He admits … Continue reading
D.P.R.: Colombia requesting U.S. telephone number so they could wiretap it didn’t make this a joint venture
The Colombian government requested a U.S. telephone number, and then they wiretapped it under their law. Later, they provided some information off the wiretap to the U.S. This was not sufficiently a joint venture to invoke the Fourth Amendment. United … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: Email tip to Swiss authorities that defs were coming by plane with cocaine wasn’t enough to make the US agents of Switzerland
“Second, Defendants assert that HSI agents ‘were substantially involved’ in the search and seizure by Swiss officials based solely upon an email that was sent by a HSI special agent to the Swiss police alerting them to the fact that … Continue reading
S.D.Fla.: Observing MLAT search in Canada not enough to invoke “joint venture” doctrine
The government’s MLAT request to Canada to seize records there and then being there to observe for relevance of what was seized was not a “joint venture” when Canada acted on the request. A “joint venture” requires actual involvement, not … Continue reading
CA2: A request to Italy to search a computer under MLAT wasn’t governed by 4A
Defendant was accused of computer hacking from Italy, and Italian police conducted a search of his computers there. “Beyond alleging that the search was conducted at the request of the U.S. government, however, Gasperini does not argue that Italian officials … Continue reading
N.D.Ga.: Malaysian police seizing evidence on execution of an extradition warrant to the U.S. wasn’t a “joint venture” with U.S.
Defendant is a Nigerian who was living in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He was arrested on an extradition warrant from the United States for computer hacking of the Georgia Tech computer system. His computers and media were seized at the time … Continue reading
Daily Beast: New Facebook-Backed Law Would Let Foreign Governments Get Your Data Without a Warrant
Daily Beast: New Facebook-Backed Law Would Let Foreign Governments Get Your Data Without a Warrant by Spencer Ackerman:
AppleInsider: Apple-supported CLOUD Act passes Congress, will change how governments share data
AppleInsider: Apple-supported CLOUD Act passes Congress, will change how governments share data by Stephen Silver:
Law 360: Rights Groups Say CLOUD Act Tramples Civil Liberties
Law 360: Rights Groups Say CLOUD Act Tramples Civil Liberties by Stephen Bishop: The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, the American Civil Liberties Union and others are calling on Congress to block legislation meant to facilitate cross-border data requests … Continue reading