{"id":57105,"date":"2025-03-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=57105"},"modified":"2025-03-02T10:59:55","modified_gmt":"2025-03-02T15:59:55","slug":"the-automobile-exception-is-99-today","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=57105","title":{"rendered":"The automobile exception is 100 today"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The automobile exception is 100 today: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carroll_v._United_States#:~:text=Carroll%20v.%20United%20States%2C%20267%20U.S.%20132%20%281925%29%2C,been%20cited%20as%20widening%20the%20scope%20of%20search.\">Carroll v. United States<\/a>, 267 U.S. 132 (1925).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The offense date: December 15, 1921. The place: Pike 16, 16 miles east of Grand Rapids, Michigan, which I surmise is now the route of I-96 from Detroit, based on a <a href=\"https:\/\/artsourceinternational.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/RM-1928-MICHIGAN-AUTO.jpg\">1920s highway map<\/a>. Bootleggers got their stuff in Detroit from Canada and brought it west.  So, driving west four hours from Detroit was reasonable suspicion or probable cause in 1921? Not today, it&#8217;s not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The car: an Oldsmobile Roadster, likely like this: a 1920 Oldsmobile Roadster:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/thumbnail.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-57108\" srcset=\"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/thumbnail.jpg 640w, http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/thumbnail-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>(courtesy classiccars.com)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carroll came at a time when there was almost no SCOTUS discussion of what the Fourth Amendment meant.  Once there, it&#8217;s not going anywhere. Judge made law.* Fourth Amendment &#8220;reasonableness&#8221; means whatever one wants it to mean at the time.  Read Carroll if you have time. It&#8217;s quaint, and a little scary, by today&#8217;s standards. They just made it up as they were going along. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>_________<br \/>*As was the exclusionary rule in <a href=\"https:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=59230\">Mapp v. Ohio<\/a>.  See Treatise \u00a7 7.04 (the exclusionary rule wasn&#8217;t even briefed by the parties).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The automobile exception is 100 today: Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132 (1925). The offense date: December 15, 1921. The place: Pike 16, 16 miles east of Grand Rapids, Michigan, which I surmise is now the route of I-96 &hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=57105\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-automobile-exception"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57105","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=57105"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57105\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60306,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57105\/revisions\/60306"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=57105"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=57105"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=57105"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}