{"id":35733,"date":"2018-12-10T15:46:15","date_gmt":"2018-12-10T20:46:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=35733"},"modified":"2018-12-10T15:56:03","modified_gmt":"2018-12-10T20:56:03","slug":"ca7-cell-phone-sw-that-permitted-viewing-of-files-of-entire-phone-was-not-too-general","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=35733","title":{"rendered":"CA7: Cell phone SW that permitted viewing all files of phone was not too “general”"},"content":{"rendered":"

A search warrant for the entire contents of a cell phone was particular and not a general warrant considering that the warrant sought evidence of \u201ccriminal recklessness with a deadly weapon\u201d or related to drug dealing. United States v. Bishop<\/a>, 18-2019 (7th Cir. Dec. 7, 2018):
\n<\/p>\n

This warrant described the \u201cplace to be searched\u201d as the cell phone Bishop carried during the attempted sale, and it described the things to be seized as: <\/p>\n

any evidence (including all photos, videos, and\/or any other digital \ufb01les, including removable memory cards) of suspect identity, motive, scheme\/plan along with DNA evidence of the crime of Criminal Recklessness with a deadly weapon which is hidden or secreted [in the cellphone or] related to the o\ufb00ense of Dealing illegal drugs. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

That is too general, Bishop asserts, because it authorized the police to rummage through every application and \ufb01le on the phone and left to the o\ufb03cers\u2019 judgment the decision which \ufb01les met the description. The district court found the warrant valid, however, and denied the motion to suppress. <\/p>\n

Bishop is right about the facts. This warrant does<\/em> permit the police to look at every \ufb01le on his phone and decide which \ufb01les satisfy the description. But he is wrong to think that this makes a warrant too general. Criminals don\u2019t advertise where they keep evidence. A warrant authorizing a search of a house for drugs permits the police to search everywhere in the house, because \u201ceverywhere\u201d is where the contraband may be hidden. United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 820\u201321 (1982); Steele v. United States, 267 U.S. 498, 503 (1925). And a warrant authorizing a search for documents that will prove a crime may authorize a search of every document the suspect has, because any of them might supply evidence. To see this, it isn\u2019t necessary to look beyond Andresen v. Maryland, 427 U.S. 463 (1976), in which the Court considered a warrant that permitted a search of every document in a lawyer\u2019s \ufb01les. Agents were authorized to search for: <\/p>\n

title notes, title abstracts, title rundowns; contracts of sale and\/or assignments from Ra\ufb00aele Antonelli and Rocco Caniglia to Mount Vernon Development Corporation and\/or others; lien payo\ufb00 correspondence and lien pay-o\ufb00 memoranda to and from lienholders and noteholders; correspondence and memoranda to and from trustees of deeds of trust; lenders instructions for a construction loan or construction and permanent loan; disbursement sheets and disbursement memoranda; checks, check stubs and ledger sheets indicating disbursement upon settlement; correspondence and memoranda concerning disbursements upon settlement; settlement statements and settlement memoranda; fully or partially prepared deed of trust releases, whether or not executed and whether or not recorded; books, records, documents, papers, memoranda and correspondence, showing or tending to show a fraudulent intent, and\/or knowledge as elements of the crime of false pretenses, in violation of Article 27, Section 140, of the Annotated Code of Maryland, 1957 Edition, as amended and revised, together with other fruits, instrumentalities and evidence of crime at this [time] unknown.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

427 U.S. at 480\u201381 n.10 (emphasis added). Andresen accepted the propriety of looking at every document in his possession but maintained that the italicized phrase entitled the agents to seize anything they wanted. The Justices concluded, however, that, when read in context, the contested language did no more than permit the seizure of any other evidence pertaining to real-estate fraud, the subject of the warrant. Id. at 479\u201382. <\/p>\n

Just so with this warrant. It permits the search of every document on the cell phone, which (like a computer) serves the same function as the \ufb01ling cabinets in Andresen\u2019s o\ufb03ce. See Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2489 (2014). And as with \ufb01ling cabinets, the incriminating evidence may be in any \ufb01le or folder. That\u2019s why courts routinely conclude that warrants with wording similar to the one at issue here are valid. … It is enough, these decisions hold, if the warrant cabins the things being looked for by stating what crime is under investigation. Andresen and its successors show that speci\ufb01city is a relative matter. A warrant may be thought \u201ctoo general\u201d only if some more-speci\ufb01c alternative would have done better at protecting privacy while still permitting legitimate investigation. … So if the police had known that Andresen kept all of his \ufb01les about the real-estate deal in a particular cabinet, failure to identify that cabinet in the warrant would have violated the constitutional particularity requirement. But a warrant need not be more speci\ufb01c than knowledge allows. In Andresen the police did not know how the target organized his \ufb01les, so the best they could do was the broad language the warrant used. Likewise here: the police did not know where on his phone Bishop kept his drug ledgers and gun videos\u2014and, if he had told them, they would have been fools to believe him, for criminals often try to throw investigators o\ufb00 the trail. This warrant was as speci\ufb01c as circumstances allowed. The Constitution does not require more. AFFIRMED <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Note: Under this rationale, no search warrant for a cell phone is too general as long as drugs are at issue, and that’s just wrong.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A search warrant for the entire contents of a cell phone was particular and not a general warrant considering that the warrant sought evidence of \u201ccriminal recklessness with a deadly weapon\u201d or related to drug dealing. United States v. Bishop, … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,105],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cell-phones","category-general-warrant"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35733","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=35733"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35733\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35736,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35733\/revisions\/35736"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=35733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=35733"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=35733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}