{"id":18345,"date":"2015-08-08T09:11:31","date_gmt":"2015-08-08T14:11:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=18345"},"modified":"2015-08-08T09:11:31","modified_gmt":"2015-08-08T14:11:31","slug":"ca2-cooperator-exceeded-officers-direction-in-conducting-a-private-search-but-its-still-reasonable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=18345","title":{"rendered":"CA2: Cooperator exceeded officer&#8217;s direction in conducting a private search, but it&#8217;s still reasonable"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A cooperator ended up taking evidence from defendant\u2019s house without police direction. It was a private search not governed by the Fourth Amendment. \u201c\u2018A private person cannot act unilaterally as an agent or instrument of the state; there must be some degree of governmental knowledge and acquiescence,\u2019 United States v. Bennett, 709 F.2d 803, 805 (2d Cir. 1983) (quoting United States v. Sherwin, 539 F.2d 1, 6 (9th Cir. 1976) (en banc)), in the actions that violate the Fourth Amendment.\u201d Explicit directions are not required to the cooperator. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ca2.uscourts.gov\/decisions\/isysquery\/bee06ccf-f68d-4fdc-aa5d-673fb745b3a1\/5\/hilite\/\">United States v. Cacace<\/a>, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 13641 (2d Cir. August 5, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>Whether a state officer had authority to make a traffic stop where the stop occurred is irrelevant under the Fourth Amendment and Virginia v. Moore. Trash bags in an open field were properly seized. <a href=\"http:\/\/media.ca8.uscourts.gov\/opndir\/15\/08\/143184P.pdf\">United States v. Castleman<\/a>, 2015 U.S. App. LEXIS 13636 (8th Cir. August 5, 2015).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A cooperator ended up taking evidence from defendant\u2019s house without police direction. It was a private search not governed by the Fourth Amendment. \u201c\u2018A private person cannot act unilaterally as an agent or instrument of the state; there must be &hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=18345\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43,63],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18345","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-private-search","category-reasonableness"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18345","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18345"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18345\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18346,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18345\/revisions\/18346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18345"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18345"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18345"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}