{"id":1635,"date":"2007-12-28T09:36:58","date_gmt":"2007-12-28T09:38:07","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2007-12-28T08:57:02","slug":"en-US","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=1635","title":{"rendered":"Significant new law review article: <em>Four Models of Fourth Amendment Protection<\/em>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Orin S. Kerr, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stanford.edu\/group\/lawreview\/content\/issue2\/Kerr.pdf\">Four Models of Fourth Amendment Protection<\/a>, 60 Stan. L. Rev. 503 (2007) (click on the title for free link). From the summary:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The Fourth Amendment protects reasonable expectations of privacy, but the Supreme Court has refused to provide a consistent explanation for what makes an expectation of privacy \u201creasonable.\u201d The Court\u2019s refusal has disappointed scholars and frustrated students for four decades. This Article explains why the Supreme Court cannot provide an answer: no one test can accurately and consistently distinguish less troublesome police practices that do not require Fourth Amendment oversight from more troublesome police practices that are reasonable only if the police have a warrant or compelling circumstances. Instead of endorsing one approach, the Supreme Court has recognized four coexisting approaches. There are four models of Fourth Amendment protection: a probabilistic model, a private facts model, a positive law model, and a policy model. Using multiple models has a major advantage over using one model. It allows the courts to use different approaches in different contexts depending on which approach most accurately and consistently identifies practices that need Fourth Amendment regulation. Explicit recognition of the four models would advance this function, resulting in more accurate and consistent Fourth Amendment rules.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Kerr is a former clerk for Justice Kennedy, and he has joined the LaFave and Kamisar casebook and hornbook series.<\/p>\n<p>The table of contents:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>INTRODUCTION, 504<br \/>\nI. THE FOUR MODELS, 507<br \/>\nA. The Probabilistic Model, 508<br \/>\nB. The Private Facts Model, 512<br \/>\nC. The Positive Law Model, 516<br \/>\nD. The Policy Model, 519<br \/>\nE. The Relationship Among the Models, 522<br \/>\nII. THE CASE FOR MULTIPLE MODELS OF FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTION, 525<br \/>\nA. The Goals of the Reasonable Expectations of Privacy Test, 526<br \/>\nB. Why the Proxy Models Cannot Provide Exclusive Guides to Fourth<br \/>\nAmendment Protection, 531<br \/>\n1. The Probabilistic Model, 531<br \/>\n2. The Positive Law model, 532<br \/>\n3. The Private Facts Model, 534<br \/>\nC. Why the Policy Model Cannot Provide an Exclusive Guide to Fourth<br \/>\nAmendment Protection, 536<br \/>\n1. Lower Courts and the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test, 537<br \/>\n2. The Instability of the Policy Model in the Lower Courts, 539<br \/>\nD. The Case for Multiple Models, 542<br \/>\n1. Supreme Court Selection Among the Four Models, 543<br \/>\n2. Lower Court Use of the Four Models, 545<br \/>\n3. The Need for Recognition of the Four Models, 548<br \/>\nCONCLUSION, 549<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>b2evALnk.b2WPAutP <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/?p=1635\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"pingsdone","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1635"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1635\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/fourthamendment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}