Defendant was stopped coming out of an apartment building because he was the same race as a man wanted in an arrest warrant who was thought to be there. Defendant refused to give his name. Parole officers came to the scene and recognized defendant, not as the man wanted, but as a PV. He was searched and drugs were found. The stop of the defendant was for merely being the same race as a wanted man, with no other sign of criminality. Under the Brown v. Illinois attenuation factors, this was not attenuated. Applying the exclusionary rule is necessary to protect privacy of the people. The search incident to the PV warrant is suppressed. State v. Shaw, 2012 N.J. LEXIS 1263 (December 13, 2012):

Although the exclusionary rule "may vindicate the Fourth Amendment rights of a particular defendant, and more generally the privacy rights of all persons," it also may "depriv[e] the jury or judge of reliable evidence that may point the way to the truth." Id. [State v. Williams, 192 N.J. 1, 16, 926 A.2d 340 (2007)] at 14-15, 926 A.2d 340 (citations omitted). Because of the high price exacted by suppressing evidence, "the exclusionary rule is applied to those circumstances where its remedial objectives can best be achieved." Id. at 15, 926 A.2d 340 (citing Calandra, supra, 414 U.S. at 348, 94 S. Ct. at 620, 38 L. Ed. 2d at 571). Thus, when law enforcement officials secure evidence that is sufficiently independent of the illegal conduct -- evidence that is not tainted by the misdeed -- then withholding evidence from the trier of fact is a cost that may not be justified by the exclusionary rule. Badessa, supra, 185 N.J. at 311, 885 A.2d 430.

. . .

Significantly, two of the courts cited above suggested that the random stopping of people in the hope of picking up some on outstanding warrants is the type of flagrant or purposeful conduct that would weigh against a warrant serving as a determinative intervening circumstance. See Brendlin, supra, 195 P.3d at 1082; McBath, supra, 108 P.3d at 249. In Brendlin, supra, the California Supreme Court indicated that where a seizure is "undertaken as a fishing expedition, the third Brown factor will make it unlikely that the [State] would be able to demonstrate an attenuation of the taint of the initial unlawful seizure." 195 P.3d at 1082. The Brendlin court contrasted the "fishing expedition" scenario with "a chance discovery of an outstanding arrest warrant in the course of a seizure that is later determined to be invalid." Ibid. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Similarly, the Alaska appellate court in McBath, supra, observed that an arrest warrant may not constitute a determinative intervening circumstance "where the police conducted an unjustifiable 'dragnet' investigative stop of many people, hoping to find some for whom there were outstanding arrest warrants." 108 P.3d at 249. In such a case, "the flagrance of the police misconduct may still require suppression of the evidence." Ibid.

There is a difference between an unlawful motor vehicle or investigatory stop in which, incidental to the stop, the police learn about an outstanding warrant and, as here, an unlawful stop executed for the specific purpose of ascertaining whether a suspect is the subject of an arrest warrant. That is a point clearly made in People v. Mitchell, 355 Ill. App. 3d 1030, 824 N.E.2d 642, 291 Ill. Dec. 786 (Ill. App. 2005) (cited with approval in Brendlin, supra, 195 P.3d at 1082).

People v. Brendlin, 45 Cal. 4th 262, 85 Cal. Rptr. 3d 496, 195 P.3d 1074 (2008)
McBath v. State, 108 P.3d 241, 242, 248 (Alaska App. 2005)

In the dashcam video, defendant consented to a search of his vehicle without even being asked, and it was voluntary. United States v. McGowan, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177630 (N.D. Ala. October 30, 2012).*

The stop of the vehicle was with probable cause, and the officer developed reasonable suspicion that defendant was not legally in the country. The stop was not overlong and was reasonable. United States v. Munoz, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177633 (D. S.D. October 10, 2012).*

An officer unexpectedly ran into defendant and asked defendant whether he had a gun. It was not in an accusatory tone, and defendant fled. He was not seized at the point the question was asked. United States v. Sanchez, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177623 (D. Mass. December 14, 2012).*

Defendant was not prejudiced by defense counsel’s failure to move to suppress his girlfriend’s written consent. He was removed from the premises on arrest, and the police had no duty under Randolph to seek consent from him. United States v. Swain, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177193 (D. S.C. December 14, 2012). [Yes, the police can wait for their suspect to leave and then seek consent from somebody with apparent authority.]

The officer stopped defendants walking on the street because they matched the description of two men who robbed a cell phone store. His lights were on and he commanded them to stop and show their hands with his hand on his gun. That was a seizure, and it was with reasonable suspicion. United States v. Brown, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 176658 (D. Mass. December 12, 2012).*

Defendant consented to a time-limited search of his cell phone. He was asked for consent, and he said he would except that he wanted the phone back that day so he could use it as an alarm clock the next morning. When asked for clarification, he reaffirmed. The search was by consent. United States v. Weisinger, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 177129 (D. Vt. December 11, 2012).*