No exigency justified ordering a doctor to take defendant’s blood in a DWI case, and the trial court’s order suppressing the evidence was affirmed. State v. McNeely, 358 S.W.3d 65 (Mo. 2012):
The patrolman here, however, was not faced with the "special facts" of Schmerber. Because there was no accident to investigate and there was no need to arrange for the medical treatment of any occupants, there was no delay that would threaten the destruction of evidence before a warrant could be obtained. Additionally, there was no evidence here that the patrolman would have been unable to obtain a warrant had he attempted to do so. The sole special fact present in this case, that blood-alcohol levels dissipate after drinking ceases, is not a per se exigency pursuant to Schmerber justifying an officer to order a blood test without obtaining a warrant from a neutral judge.
Seizure of a gun from the defendant was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The officers’ testimony was contradicted by the video. For example, they said the discussion was quiet and restrained, but the video showed them shouting obscenities at him. They also turned off the video because they said they wanted to protect his identity if they “turned him.” A first warrantless search was found valid, but the second was not. United States v. Rosas, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151622 (D. Minn. November 23, 2011).*
FISA probable cause determinations are subject to a split on what the standard of review is for issuance of a warrant. Also, defendant doesn't get to see the affidavit for the FISA warrant where the Attorney General certifies disclosure is contrary to national security. United States v. Mahamud, 838 F. Supp. 2d 881 (D. Minn. 2012):
There is no agreement among the federal courts as to whether the probable cause determination is made de novo or if a deferential standard is applied. See Abu-Jihaad, 630 F.3d at 130; Warsame, 547 F. Supp.2d at 990 (court reviewed probable cause determination de novo, given that the Court's review is ex parte). Even applying a de novo review, however, the Court finds that there was sufficient probable cause set forth in the applications and related materials that Defendant was an agent of a foreign power, al-Shabaab, and that the places to be searched or to be surveilled were being used by Defendant.
Defendant’s objection to a search after the jury heard about the evidence was a waiver of the issue. Black v. State, 358 S.W.3d 823 (Tex. App. – Ft. Worth 2012).
Officers came to defendant’s house to do a knock-and-talk for drugs, and they had to come though a gate to get to the front porch. They talked to defendant’s longtime live-in companion who told them he wasn’t home. She agreed they could come in and talk. They concluded she was lying about where he was and then finally admitted he was upstairs. They told him to come down, and he did. He said no search without a warrant, and they said they could do that, but the house would be secured and they would likely tear the place up during the search. If he consented, they said he wouldn’t be incarcerated. He consented to a search of the house, cutting off their reading the consent form to him. They found a considerable amount of marijuana and arrested him. Neither lesser intrusive measures nor reasonable suspicion are constitutionally required before a knock-and-talk. Knowledge of a right to refuse is only a factor in the totality, particularly when facing strong evidence of consent. United States v. Claus, 458 Fed. Appx. 184 (3d Cir. 2012):
Claus argues that the officers' conduct should not be sanctioned as a constitutional "knock and talk" because they did not first attempt other less intrusive investigatory steps. However, the recognized purposes behind the "knock and talk" procedure is to either speak with occupants or ask for consent to search. As a result, no objective level of suspicion is required. See United States v. Cormier, 220 F.3d 1103, 1109 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that "no suspicion is needed to be shown in order to justify the 'knock and talk'" (citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991))). We therefore refuse to impose the additional protections urged by Claus.
Defendant was handling his rifle and accidentally shot himself. He called 911, and paramedics and the police arrived. The police officer could seize the rifle in plain view when the officer was in the house. United States v. Taylor, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4950 (E.D. Mich. January 17, 2012). [Note: As a general rule, a call to 911 is a waiver of a reasonable expectation of privacy for all who might show up: police, EMS, firemen. If you want to protect your privacy, either don't call 911 or go outside and wait. The number of cases arising from the simple fact the police were called is astounding. How dumb can some people be? My favorite is having a burglar alarm and then complaining because the police showed up, checked the premises, and stumbled upon evidence of crime.]
Under the “four corners” of the affidavit, United States v. Hudspeth, 525 F.3d 667, 674 (8th Cir. 2008), it shows probable cause for issuance of the search warrant for defendant’s house. Even if it didn’t, there was enough for the good faith exception. United States v. Mariano, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151528 (D. Minn. November 22, 2011), R&R United States v. Mariano, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4346 (D. Minn. January 13, 2012).*
Defendant’s post-conviction motion that he should have search warrant materials was moot because he got them before the trial. United States v. Reynolds, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 151546 (E.D. Tenn. June 8, 2011).*
Police were called to a domestic dispute, and defendant held off the police for a while, finally surrendering. He was taken away, objecting to a search. After he left, his wife consented to a protective sweep for weapons which were found, along with a pipe bomb. Randolph condones this search because of the protective sweep. The trial court erred in suppressing. People v. Strimple, 2012 CO 1, 267 P.3d 1219 (2012):
Nevertheless, the circumstances of a domestic abuse incident can justify a warrantless search for weapons based upon a request of one co-tenant, despite the objection of one or more other co-tenants. The Randolph Court clarified two points applicable to the case now before us. First, a co-tenant's consent to a search can prevail over a defendant's refusal to consent when the defendant has left the scene, where there is "no evidence that the police have removed the potentially objecting tenant from the entrance for the sake of avoiding a possible objection." Id. at 121. Second, a warrantless search for weapons can be justified under the totality of the circumstances involved in a domestic abuse incident:
[T]his case has no bearing on the capacity of the police to protect domestic victims .... [T]he question whether the police might lawfully enter over objection in order to provide any protection that might be reasonable is easily answered yes .... The undoubted right of the police to enter in order to protect a victim ... has nothing to do with the question in this case, whether a search with the consent of one co-tenant is good against another, standing at the door and expressly refusing consent.
Id. at 118-19 (citations omitted). Both of these clarifications are applicable in this case.
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact / About
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@JohnWesleyHall
Online since Feb. 24, 2003
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2013-14 Term:
Fernandez v. California, granted May 20 (ScotusBlog)
2012-13 Term: 2010-11 Term: General (many free): Congressional Research Service: "If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." "A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays
down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its
application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect
results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at
bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping
government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having
and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that
the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and
safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." "The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing
can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws,
or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment. "There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that
bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the
police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater
than it is today." "The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their
property." "It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have
frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And
so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his
case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth
Amendment." "The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated
here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth." "A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the
bottom of a turntable." "For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly
exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth
Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in
an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." “Experience should teach us to be most on guard to
protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born
to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men
of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” “Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted
intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by
government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose
it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.” "You can't always get what you want /
But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." "In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up." “You know, most men would get discouraged by
now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men!”
"There is never enough time, unless you are serving it."
Maryland
v. King, 2013 U.S. LEXIS 4165, 2013 WL 2371466 (June 3, 2013) (ScotusBlog)
Missouri
v. McNeeley, 133 S. Ct. 1552, 185 L. Ed. 2d 696 (Apr. 17, 2013) (ScotusBlog)
Bailey
v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 1031, 185 L. Ed. 2d 19 (Feb. 19, 2013) (ScotusBlog)
Florida
v. Harris, 133 S. Ct. 1050, 185 L. Ed. 2d 61 (Feb. 19, 2013) (ScotusBlog)
Florida
v. Jardines, 133 S. Ct. 1409, 185 L. Ed. 2d 495 (Mar. 26, 2013) (ScotusBlog)
2011-12 Term:
Ryburn
v. Huff, 132 S.Ct. 987, 181 L.Ed.2d 966 (2012) (other
blog)
Florence
v. Board of Chosen Freeholders, 132 S.Ct. 1510, 182 L.Ed.2d 566 (2012) (ScotusBlog)
United
States v. Jones, 132 S.Ct. 945, 181 L.Ed.2d 911 (2012) (ScotusBlog)
Messerschmidt
v. Millender, 132 S.Ct. 1235, 182 L.Ed.2d 47 (2012) (ScotusBlog)
Kentucky
v. King, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011) (ScotusBlog)
Camreta
v. Greene, 131 S.Ct. 2020, 179 L.Ed.2d 1118 (2011) (ScotusBlog)
Ashcroft
v. al-Kidd, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011) (ScotusBlog)
Davis
v. United States, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 180 L.Ed.2d 285 (2011) (ScotusBlog)
2009-10 Term:
Michigan
v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45, 130 S.Ct. 546, 175 L.Ed.2d 410 (2009) (per curiam)
(ScotusBlog)
City
of Ontario v. Quon, 130 S.Ct. 2619, 177 L.Ed.2d 216 (2010) (ScotusBlog)
2008-09 Term:
Herring
v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 129 S.Ct. 695, 172 L.Ed.2d 496 (2009) (ScotusBlog)
Pearson
v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009) (ScotusBlog)
Arizona
v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 129 S.Ct. 781, 172 L.Ed.2d 694 (2009) (ScotusBlog)
Arizona
v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 129 S.Ct. 1710, 173 L.Ed.2d 485 (2009) (ScotusBlog)
Safford
Unified School District #1 v. Redding, 557 U.S. 364, 129 S.Ct. 2633, 174
L.Ed.2d 354 (2009) (ScotusBlog)
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—Me
—Williams
v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold,
J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
—Mapp
v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
— Terry
v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
—Entick
v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
—United
States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
—Chapman
v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
—Arizona
v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
—Katz
v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
—United
States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
—United
States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration
camp]
—Pepé Le Pew
—Malcolm Forbes
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers,
is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which
reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that
those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being
judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting
out crime."
—Johnson
v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)