Soon, the right margin will have links to slip opinions so those without Lexis or Westlaw will be able to get opinions as soon as possible.
It will look like this, and you can scroll down to this until it is on the right margin:
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Some U.S. District Courts post major decisions publicly on their websites so one does not have to access them through PACER. Looking through all 93 federal district court websites would not be productive because so few cases end up publicly posted that it is not worthwhile.
New Jersey holds in two cases that the state DNA act can be applied to crimes occurring before its effective date and it applies to juveniles, even under 14, who have committed acts which would be a felony if committed by an adult. A.A. v. Attorney General of New Jersey, 189 N.J. 128, 940 A.2d 260 (N.J. January 24, 2007), aff'g 384 N.J. Super. 67, 894 A.2d 31 (2006); State v. O'Hagen, 189 N.J. 140, 914 A.2d 267 (N.J. January 24, 2007).
Defendant was arrested in his house, but the search incident did not occur for twenty minutes after the officer called to talk to others. There is no time limit on when a search incident can occur, and there was no intervening act of consequence, so the search incident was valid. United States v. Wong, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4468 (N.D. Cal. January 9, 2007):
Based upon the record before the Court, the Court finds that the search of defendant's bedroom was "roughly contemporaneous" with his arrest. Cagney's phone call to Martinovich was not an intervening act, but rather was "part of a continuous, uninterrupted course of events" of conducting the search. McLaughlin, 170 F.3d at 893. Cagney called Martinovich to inform him that he had found marijuana and a shotgun in defendant's bedroom, and Martinovich told Cagney that he had found an operating marijuana grow to which defendant was believed to be connected. The call took place during the course of the search, and was topically related to the search. Accordingly, the Court finds that the call to Martinovich did not invalidate the search incident to arrest.
Although it is a closer call, the Court concludes that based upon the evidence submitted, the alleged questioning of defendant also did not constitute an intervening act. Defendant states that officers questioned him for 15 to 20 minutes after he was arrested. Significantly, however, defendant does not state that officers questioned him before conducting the search of his bedroom; defendant's reply declaration is silent on when the alleged questioning took place. Defendant's reply declaration also does not provide any specific information regarding what allegedly transpired during the questioning. Because there is no evidence before the Court that defendant was questioned prior to the commencement of the search, the Court finds that there was no intervening act to invalidate the search of defendant's bedroom as a search incident to arrest.
NYC Sanitation officers entered plaintiff's paper and cardboard recycling business property following a private hauler's truck to inspect it. He sued over the entry, and they moved to dismiss on the ground that the recycling business held a permit and that made it closely regulated. The district court disagreed and denied the motion to dismiss without developing the record much more. Based on what was presented thus far, the court cannot conclude that the recycling business fits the Burger test for a closely regulated industry. Meserole St. Recycling, Inc. v. City of New York, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4580 (S.D. N.Y. January 23, 2007).
Execution of a nighttime search warrant was permissible under 21 U.S.C. § 879 even though F. R. Crim. P. 41 limited nighttime searches. The Sixth Circuit has not held that special rules govern execution of nighttime searches. Plaintiff's handcuffing in her bed with flashlights shining in her face at night was not unreasonable. (The probable cause for obtaining the warrant not being at issue.) All of plaintiff's claims fall within the realm of a reasonable exercise of police authority in controlling the situation during the execution of a search warrant, even at night. Taylor v. City of Detroit, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4587 (E.D. Mich. January 23, 2007).
Defendant had been arrested, handcuffed, and placed in a police car by the DEA. After being advised of a right to refuse consent, he refused consent to search his house, and the officers then got on a cellphone to call to see about getting a search warrant. Then the defendant consented to the search. On the totality of the circumstances, his consent was valid. United States v. Woods, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4529 (D. Idaho January 22, 2007). (Note: The officers also had an admission from a jail telephone call to a woman that he consented to the search that was used at the suppression hearing.)
Defendant was involved in a traffic stop just before 3 a.m. in an SUV. When the officer ran his name, the driver came back as being involved in thefts. On the video, the officer mentioned that he was not accusing the defendant of anything but that his name had come up as being involved in some thefts, and the officer asked for permission to get the serial numbers off some car parts in the back of the SUV. The defendant consented to this search, and a gun was found. The search was valid. United States v. Bauer, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4517 (N.D. Iowa January 22, 2007).
Defendant who broke into his parent's house because he had been kicked out and had no key had no standing to challenge the police search of the house on the parent's call to the police about the break-in. United States v. Ochse, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4515 (D. S.D. January 19, 2007):
Although defendant formerly lived in his parents' home, it is of no consequence now. At the time of the search, defendant did not live in his parents' residence. This fact was corroborated by defendant's father during his contact with the sheriff's department as he reported defendant's break-in. Defendant was not in possession of a house key and had no other way to access the home when his parents were not present; rather, defendant used extreme force to enter the house.
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by John Wesley Hall
Criminal Defense Lawyer
Little Rock, Arkansas
Contact / About
www.johnwesleyhall.com
www.LawofCriminalDefense.com
@JohnWesleyHall
Online since Feb. 24, 2003
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fourth Amendment cases,
citations, and links
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Most recent SCOTUS cases:
2013-14 Term:
Fernandez v. California, granted May 20 (ScotusBlog)
2012-13 Term: 2010-11 Term: General (many free): Congressional Research Service: "If it was easy, everybody would be doing it. It isn't, and they don't." "A system of law that not only makes certain conduct criminal, but also lays
down rules for the conduct of the authorities, often becomes complex in its
application to individual cases, and will from time to time produce imperfect
results, especially if one's attention is confined to the particular case at
bar. Some criminals do go free because of the necessity of keeping
government and its servants in their place. That is one of the costs of having
and enforcing a Bill of Rights. This country is built on the assumption that
the cost is worth paying, and that in the long run we are all both freer and
safer if the Constitution is strictly enforced." "The criminal goes free, if he must, but it is the law that sets him free. Nothing
can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws,
or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence." Any costs the exclusionary rule are costs imposed directly by the Fourth Amendment. "There have been powerful hydraulic pressures throughout our history that
bear heavily on the Court to water down constitutional guarantees and give the
police the upper hand. That hydraulic pressure has probably never been greater
than it is today." "The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their
property." "It is a fair summary of history to say that the safeguards of liberty have
frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people. And
so, while we are concerned here with a shabby defrauder, we must deal with his
case in the context of what are really the great themes expressed by the Fourth
Amendment." "The course of true law pertaining to searches and seizures, as enunciated
here, has not–to put it mildly–run smooth." "A search is a search, even if it happens to disclose nothing but the
bottom of a turntable." "For the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly
exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth
Amendment protection. ... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in
an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." “Experience should teach us to be most on guard to
protect liberty when the Government’s purposes are beneficent. Men born
to freedom are naturally alert to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded
rulers. The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men
of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” “Liberty—the freedom from unwarranted
intrusion by government—is as easily lost through insistent nibbles by
government officials who seek to do their jobs too well as by those whose purpose
it is to oppress; the piranha can be as deadly as the shark.” "You can't always get what you want /
But if you try sometimes / You just might find / You get what you need." "In Germany, they first came for the communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a communist. Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for
the Catholics and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Catholic. Then they came
for me–and by that time there was nobody left to speak up." “You know, most men would get discouraged by
now. Fortunately for you, I am not most men!”
"There is never enough time, unless you are serving it."
Maryland v. King, granted Nov. 9, argued Feb. 26
(ScotusBlog)
Missouri
v. McNeeley, 133 S. Ct. 1552, 185 L. Ed. 2d 696 (Apr. 17) (ScotusBlog)
Bailey
v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 1031, 185 L. Ed. 2d 19 (Feb. 19) (ScotusBlog)
Florida
v. Harris, 133 S. Ct. 1050, 185 L. Ed. 2d 61 (Feb.
19) (ScotusBlog)
Florida
v. Jardines, 133 S. Ct. 1409, 185 L. Ed. 2d 495 (Mar. 26) (ScotusBlog)
2011-12 Term:
Ryburn
v. Huff, 132 S.Ct. 987, 181 L.Ed.2d 966 (Jan. 23,
2012) (other
blog)
Florence
v. Board of Chosen Freeholders, 132 S.Ct. 1510, 182 L.Ed.2d 566 (April 2,
2012) (ScotusBlog)
United
States v. Jones, 132 S.Ct. 945, 181 L.Ed.2d 911 (Jan. 23, 2012) (ScotusBlog)
Messerschmidt
v. Millender, 132 S.Ct. 1235, 182 L.Ed.2d 47 (Feb. 22, 2012) (ScotusBlog)
Kentucky
v. King, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (May 16, 2011) (ScotusBlog)
Camreta
v. Greene, 131 S.Ct. 2020, 179 L.Ed.2d 1118 (May 26, 2011) (ScotusBlog)
Ashcroft
v. al-Kidd, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (May 31, 2011) (ScotusBlog)
Davis
v. United States, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 180 L.Ed.2d 285 (June 16, 2011) (ScotusBlog)
2009-10 Term:
Michigan
v. Fisher, 558 U.S. 45, 130 S.Ct. 546, 175 L.Ed.2d 410 (Dec. 7, 2009) (per
curiam) (ScotusBlog)
City
of Ontario v. Quon, 130 S.Ct. 2619, 177 L.Ed.2d 216 (June 17, 2010) (ScotusBlog)
2008-09 Term:
Herring
v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 129 S.Ct. 695, 172 L.Ed.2d 496 (Jan. 13,
2009) (ScotusBlog)
Pearson
v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (Jan. 21, 2009)
(ScotusBlog)
Arizona
v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 129 S.Ct. 781, 172 L.Ed.2d 694 (Jan. 26, 2009)
(ScotusBlog)
Arizona
v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 129 S.Ct. 1710, 173 L.Ed.2d 485 (April 21, 2009)
(ScotusBlog)
Safford
Unified School District #1 v. Redding, 557 U.S. 364, 129 S.Ct. 2633, 174
L.Ed.2d 354 (June 25, 2009) (ScotusBlog)
Research Links:
Supreme Court:
SCOTUSBlog
S. Ct.
Docket
Solicitor General's
site
SCOTUSreport
Briefs
online (but no amicus briefs)
Curiae (Yale
Law)
Oyez
Project (NWU)
"On the Docket"–Medill
S.Ct.
Monitor: Law.com
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LexisWeb
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LexisOne
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Crimelynx
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Lexis.com
(criminal law/ 4th Amd) $
Findlaw.com
Findlaw.com (4th
Amd)
Westlaw.com
$
F.R.Crim.P.
41
www.fd.org
FBI
Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide (2008) (pdf)
DEA
Agents Manual (2002) (download)
DOJ
Computer Search Manual (2009) (pdf)
Electronic
Communications Privacy Act (2012)
Overview
of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (2012)
Outline
of Federal Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
Federal
Statutes Governing Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping (2012)
Federal
Laws Relating to Cybersecurity: Discussion of Proposed Revisions (2012)
ACLU on privacy
Privacy
Foundation
Electronic Privacy
Information Center
Criminal
Appeal (post-conviction) (9th Cir.)
Section 1983 Blog
—Me
—Williams
v. Nix, 700 F. 2d 1164, 1173 (8th Cir. 1983) (Richard Sheppard Arnold,
J.), rev'd Nix v. Williams, 467 US. 431 (1984).
—Mapp
v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 659 (1961).
—Yale Kamisar, 86 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 36 n. 151 (1987).
— Terry
v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 39 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting).
—Entick
v. Carrington, 19 How.St.Tr. 1029, 1066, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (C.P. 1765)
—United
States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 69 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)
—Chapman
v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, 618 (1961) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
—Arizona
v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325 (1987)
—Katz
v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967)
—United
States v. Olmstead, 277 U.S. 438, 479 (1925) (Brandeis, J., dissenting)
—United
States v. $124,570, 873 F.2d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 1989)
—Mick Jagger & Keith Richards
—Martin Niemöller (1945) [he served seven years in a concentration
camp]
—Pepé Le Pew
—Malcolm Forbes
"The point of the Fourth Amendment, which often is not grasped by zealous officers,
is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which
reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that
those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being
judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting
out crime."
—Johnson
v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 (1948)